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Commercial Resupply Services

Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of flights awarded by NASA for the delivery of cargo and supplies to the International Space Station (ISS) on commercially operated spacecraft.

COTS demo flights
NASA has been directed to pursue commercial spaceflight options since at least 1984, with the Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 and Launch Services Purchase Act of 1990. By the 2000s funding was authorized for the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, followed by the Commercial Crew Development program. The Antares and Falcon 9 launch vehicles and Cygnus and Dragon cargo spacecraft were developed using Space Act Agreements under the COTS program. The first flight contracted by NASA, COTS Demo Flight 1, took place on December 8, 2010, demonstrating a Dragon capsule's ability to remain in orbit, receive and respond to ground commands, and communicate with NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. On August 15, 2011, SpaceX announced that NASA had combined the objectives of the COTS Demo Flight 2 and following Flight 3 into a single mission. The rescoped COTS Demo Flight 2 successfully launched on May 22, 2012, delivering cargo to the ISS. The spacecraft reentered on May 31, landed in the Pacific Ocean, and was recovered, completing CRS certification requirements. Orbital Sciences first launched the Antares rocket from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport on April 21, 2013, with a test payload. Orbital Sciences completed the Cygnus Orb-D1 demonstration flight on September 29, 2013, and the operational Cygnus CRS Orb-1 was launched January 9, 2014. ==CRS-1 selection process==
CRS-1 selection process
On December 23, 2008, NASA announced the initial awarding of cargo contracts - twelve flights to SpaceX and eight flights to Orbital Sciences Corporation. PlanetSpace, which was not selected, submitted a protest to the Government Accountability Office. On April 22, 2009, the GAO publicly released its decision to deny the protest, allowing the program to continue. ==CRS-1 flights==
CRS-1 flights
Transport flights began under Commercial Resupply Services phase 1 (CRS-1) in 2012: Cargo Dragon flightsCRS SpX-1: October 8, 2012 • CRS SpX-2: March 1, 2013 • CRS SpX-3: April 18, 2014 • CRS SpX-6: April 14, 2015 • CRS SpX-7: attempted on June 28, 2015. Launch failure 139 seconds after lift-off, IDA-1 destroyed. Investigation traced the accident to the failure of a strut inside the second stage's liquid-oxygen tank. NASA concluded that the most probable cause of the strut failure was a design error: instead of using a stainless-steel eye bolt made of aerospace-grade material, SpaceX chose an industrial-grade material without adequate screening and testing and overlooked the recommended safety margin. • CRS SpX-8: April 8, 2016 • CRS SpX-9: July 18, 2016 • CRS SpX-10: February 19, 2017 • CRS SpX-11: June 3, 2017 • CRS SpX-12: August 14, 2017 • CRS SpX-13: December 15, 2017 • CRS SpX-14: April 2, 2018 • CRS SpX-15: June 29, 2018 • CRS SpX-16: December 5, 2018 • CRS SpX-17: May 4, 2019 • CRS SpX-18: July 25, 2019 • CRS SpX-19: December 5, 2019 • CRS SpX-20: March 7, 2020 Cygnus flightsCRS Orb-1: January 9, 2014 • CRS Orb-2: July 13, 2014 • CRS Orb-3: October 28, 2014 - launch failure, food and care packages for the crew, parts, experiments, and the Arkyd-3 Flight Test (Non-optical) Satellite from Planetary Resources lost. Following the failure, the Antares rocket was upgraded to the 230 series which used newly built RD-181 first-stage engines to provide greater payload performance and increased reliability. • CRS NG-10: November 17, 2018 • CRS NG-11: April 17, 2019 == CRS-2 selection process ==
CRS-2 selection process
NASA began a formal process to initiate Phase 2 of the Commercial Resupply Services, or CRS-2, in early 2014. Later that year, an "Industry Day" was held in Houston, with seven high-level requirements disclosed to interested parties. Requirements The contracts were expected to include a variety of requirements: SNC's proposal would use a cargo version of its Dream Chaser crew vehicle, the 'Dream Chaser Cargo System'. The proposed cargo Dream Chaser included an additional expendable cargo module for uplift and trash disposal. Downmass would only be provided via the Dream Chaser spaceplane itself. Lockheed Martin proposed a new cargo spacecraft called Jupiter, derived from the designs of the NASA's MAVEN and Juno spacecraft. It would have included a robotic arm based on Canadarm technology and a diameter cargo transport module called Exoliner based on the Automated Transfer Vehicle, to be jointly developed with Thales Alenia Space. Awards in development, 2013 drop-test preparations shown When NASA issued the Commercial Resupply Services phase 2 (CRS-2) request for proposal (RFP) in September 2014, it received interest from five companies: Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Orbital ATK, Sierra Nevada, and SpaceX. NASA made a competitive range determination to remove Boeing and Lockheed Martin. Three companies were awarded contracts on January 14, 2016. The maximum potential value of all the contracts was indicated to be $14 billion, but the minimum value is considerably less. CRS-2 launches commenced in 2019 and will extend to at least 2024. NASA officials explained that selecting three companies rather than two for CRS-2 increases cargo capabilities and ensures more redundancy in the event of a contractor failure or schedule delay. Three more CRS-2 missions for Dragon 2 covering up to CRS-29 were announced in December 2020, and six more were awarded in 2022 covering up to CRS-35. The contracts were then extended to 2030. Northrop Grumman having purchased Orbital ATK were awarded 2 more Cygnus flights in 2020 and 6 more in 2022 covering up to NG-35 which will provide resupply services to the station through 2026. Inside-cargo is typically transported to and from the space station in "the form factor of single Cargo Transfer Bag Equivalent (CTBE) [which is the] unit for size of bag used to transport cargo from visiting vehicles, CTBE units are also used to price, and charge, commercial users of US Orbital Segment stowage space. == CRS-2 flights ==
CRS-2 flights
Cygnus flights in 2021 • CRS NG-12: November 2, 2019 • CRS NG-13: February 15, 2020 • CRS NG-14: October 3, 2020 • CRS NG-15: February 20, 2021 • CRS NG-16: August 10, 2021 • CRS NG-17: February 19, 2022 • CRS NG-18: November 7, 2022 • CRS NG-19: August 2, 2023 As a result Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Northrop Grumman was left with only two remaining Antares 230+ launch vehicles which were used for the CRS NG-18 and CRS NG-19 missions. Northrop Grumman initially acquired three flights from SpaceX with the Falcon 9 rocket while a replacement first stage and its engine are developed for its Antares 330 rocket. They added additional Falcon 9 launches as Antares was further delayed. • CRS NG-20: January 30, 2024 - Falcon 9 • CRS NG-21: August 4, 2024 - Falcon 9 • CRS NG-22: TBD (indefinitely delayed after cargo module damaged during shipment) • CRS NG-23: September 14, 2025 - Falcon 9, first Cygnus XL • CRS NG-24: April 8, 2026 - Falcon 9 • CRS NG-25: 2026 (planned) - Falcon 9 Cargo Dragon flightsCRS SpX-21: December 6, 2020 • CRS SpX-22: June 3, 2021 • CRS SpX-23: August 29, 2021 • CRS SpX-24: December 21, 2021 • CRS SpX-25: July 15, 2022 • CRS SpX-26: November 26, 2022 • CRS SpX-27: March 14, 2023 • CRS SpX-28: June 5, 2023 • CRS SpX-29: November 10, 2023 • CRS SpX-30: March 21, 2024 • CRS SpX-31: November 5, 2024 • CRS SpX-32: April 21, 2025 • CRS SpX-33: August 24, 2025 • CRS SpX-34: Early 2026 (planned) • CRS SpX-35: Late 2026 (planned) Cargo Dream Chaser flightsSSC Demo-1: late 2026 (planned) ==See also==
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