The number and types of concurrent powers depend on the level of integration established by the constitution and
other laws. Federations that practice
cooperative federalism will predominantly exercise concurrent powers, while those applying the doctrine of
dual federalism will demarcate most powers as either exclusive to the federal government or reserved for the states.
Asymmetric federalism offers a hybrid of these two models, in which the federal government may possess extensive exclusive and/or concurrent powers, but certain member states have negotiated
opt-out rights over select policy areas. Depending on the federation, any or all of the following powers may be shared between different levels of government: •
Power of the purse and
eminent domain. These powers are provided to both levels of government in nearly every modern federal constitution •
Peace, order, and good government, typically focused on passing and
enforcing laws regarding
internal security,
public order, and
anti-corruption •
Martial law, which may be imposed
directly by the federal government or
requested by the states.
Brazil, the
United States,
Iraq, and historically the
German Empire and
Yugoslavia are among a handful of federations that have placed certain categories of
reservists or
gendarmes under dual state-federal control. •
General welfare, which can encompass all
lawmaking powers regardless of
subject matter •
Diplomacy and
treaty-making, in federations that allow
paradiplomacy •
Border controls, usually limited to
ethnic or
asymmetric federations == See also ==