Condor (train)

Following the 1955 Modernisation Plan, British Railways embarked on a series of modernisation plans in all areas of operation, including freight. Faster freight services had been a goal as far back as the end of World War I, with fast, overnight services between major marshalling yards. 'Liner' or trunked services were scheduled long-haul freight services, between regional freight depots, usually run overnight. If a wagon load was in the marshalling yard that day, it could have a guaranteed next-day arrival at a similar yard, even travelling the length of the country. Part of the goal was to reduce marshalling for the railway company, who wished to concentrate freight marshalling at fewer, larger and better equipped marshalling yards. In 1928, the LNER had introduced the Green Arrow service. By the 1950s, there were additional target goals: still a faster freight service to be more attractive than the growing competition from road haulage, but mostly a reduction in operating costs by reducing the manual effort needed in handling freight. A key part of this was to be containerisation, replacing the network of railway goods sheds and manual loading in and out of vans, by pre-loaded containers from the customer factories loaded onto railway wagons by mechanical cranes. There would also be a centralisation of freight services: as well as the increasing development of and investment in marshalling yards, as much freight as possible would become block trains, where a single rake of freight wagons shuttled continuously between two large depots, without needing to stop for shunting operations. Containers were key to this: road haulage would provide local flexibility to move the loads to and from the customer warehouses and the rail operation would concentrate on rapid transfers between a handful of large depots. on a passenger service in 1960 flat wagon The 'container' to be used for this traffic was not the modern familiar stackable intermodal container or TEU, but a much earlier version, the railway conflat. These were smaller, lighter, wooden containers which resembled a demounted railway wagon body, included the curved roof. They dated from the 1920s in design and were sized for lifting by the mobile cranes of the day. The conflat wagons were four-wheeled, vacuum-braked, and could carry either one Type B container or two smaller Type A. ==Condor==

The Condor was the exemplar service for this new containerised operation. A single route would operate, linking the manufacturing base of Glasgow with the consumers of central London. Return traffic was largely imported raw materials, supplied from London's docks. The route was from Hendon on the Midland Main Line in North London to Gushetfaulds freight depot, near Glasgow South Side railway station Each Condor train was of 27 four-wheeled conflats, of a new design with roller bearing axles to allow the fastest running and without the risk of stopping for a 'hot box'. The train's gross weight could be up to . The cost of hiring a container in 1962 was £16 or £18, depending on size, and this included road pickup and delivery by British Road Services lorries, inside Greater London or within of Glasgow. As well as the fixed formation of 27 conflat wagons, a specific pool of containers was dedicated to the service. Every wagon on the train always ran carrying a container, regardless of direction. If 27 loads were not available to fill every container, the surplus would be carried empty - this was to ensure a good supply of empty containers at both ends of the service to enable rapid loading of goods inbound from customers. The service ran daily, one each way, and ran overnight to obtain the clearest running. Both left almost simultaneously, after 7 pm and would arrive some time before 6 am. The 10 hour long service required a very brief, two minute, stop at Carlisle, at the change of a crew shift, rather than any limitation of the train. == Haulage ==

The first Condor services were hauled by pairs of the newly built Metro-Vick Type 2 Co-Bo locomotives, later known as the class 28. In rare cases, a steam locomotive might be all that was available, usually a Black 5. In either case there could be no multiple working and an extra crew was required. == In service ==

1959 The first Condor services began in the Spring of 1959. The service was not an immediate success. By August 1959, the formation had been cut in half, now being hauled by only a single locomotive. Traffic grew though and within a year it was running at full traffic capacity. After the Class 28s and Class 24s, the Condor was hauled by a single Type 4 locomotive. Freightliner Condor was successful, and to some extent this individual service became a victim of its own success. Richard Beeching's 1963 report The Reshaping of British Railways is better known for the cuts it imposed on the branch line network, but it also advocated a shift in almost all freight traffic to replace wagonload traffic with container services. However these containers would be the newly popular stackable rectangular containers, rather than the older railway standard containers, as used by Condor. In the mid-1960s, BR's emphasis shifted to the new Freightliner service. Beeching's plan was for a national network of 55 container depots and by 1968, 17 of these were in operation, including Gushetfauld. Condor was withdrawn in 1965. Most of the early adopters were existing customers, sending bulk trainload cargoes, although now packed into containers. An important one was Ford, who used this to integrate car production across Europe, shipping bodyshells for final assembly across the Channel, by the Dover–Dunkerque train ferry. The introduction of the new TOPS computer system also allowed all operations to be tracked as registered freight, between all depots. == Headboard ==

The headboard was a British Railways Type 6. It was unique in two aspects: the backplate colour was in two colours, and the text was in a 'stencil' typeface, with vertical breaks in each letter. The two colours were maroon (left) for the London Midland Region and pale blue for the Scottish Region. == In popular culture ==

Railway artist Terence Cuneo produced a poster, Night Freight for BR(M), showing a Metro-Vick hauled Condor crossing a Black 5 steam loco, outside a coaling depot. == References ==