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Constantine VII

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus was the fourth Byzantine emperor of the Macedonian dynasty, reigning from 6 June 913 to 9 November 959. He was the son of Emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife, Zoe Karbonopsina, and the nephew of his predecessor Alexander.

Life
Regency Constantine was born in Constantinople on 17/18 May 905, an illegitimate son of Leo VI before an uncanonical fourth marriage. To help legitimize him, his mother gave birth to him in the Purple Room of the imperial palace, hence his nickname Porphyrogennetos. He was elevated to the throne as a two-year-old child by his father and uncle on 15 May 908 (Whitsunday). In early 913, as his uncle Alexander lay dying, he appointed a seven-man regency council for Constantine. It was headed by the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, the two magistroi John Eladas and Stephen, the rhaiktor John Lazanes, the otherwise obscure Euthymius and Alexander's henchmen Basilitzes and Gabrielopoulos. Following Alexander's death (6 June), the new and shaky regime survived the attempted usurpation of Constantine Doukas, and Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos quickly assumed a dominant position among the regents. Patriarch Nicholas was presently forced to make peace with Tsar Simeon of Bulgaria, whom he reluctantly recognized as Bulgarian emperor. Because of this unpopular concession, Patriarch Nicholas was driven out of the regency by Constantine's mother Zoe. She was no more successful with the Bulgarians, who defeated her main supporter, the general Leo Phokas, in 917. In March 919, she was replaced as regent by the admiral Romanos Lekapenos, who married his daughter Helena Lekapene to Constantine. Romanos used his position to advance to the ranks of basileopatōr in April 919, to kaisar (Caesar) on 24 September 920, and finally to co-emperor on 17 December 920. Romanos spent the last years of his life in exile on the Island of Prote as a monk and died on 15 June 948. Several months later, on 6 April (Easter), Constantine VII crowned his own son Romanos II co-emperor. It was rumored that he had been poisoned by his son or his daughter-in-law Theophano. ==Madrid Skylitzes' depictions of Constantine==
Madrid Skylitzes' depictions of Constantine
File:Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos baptizes Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos.jpg|Baptism of Constantine VII by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos. File:Constantine VII dining with Tsar Symeon of Bulgaria.jpg|Constantine VII dining with Simeon of Bulgaria. File:Bulgarians defeat the Byzantines at Anchialos.jpg|The Bulgarians crush the Byzantine army led by Leo Phokas at Anchialus. File:Leo Phokas' supporters surrender to Romanos Lekapenos.jpg|The supporters of Leo Phokas bow to the usurper Romanos Lekapenos. File:Saracens of Crete defeat the Byzantine army.png|The Saracens of Crete foil a Byzantine attempt at reconquest. File:Leo Phokas defeats the Arabs in 950, escape of Chalkoutzes.png|Leo Phokas the Younger defeats the Hamdanid Emir Sayf al-Dawla. File:Reception by Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus of Princess Olga and her entourage.jpg|Olga of Kiev is received at the emperor's court. File:Constantine_VII_(Roman_emperor),_deathbed.jpg|The Madrid Skylitzes' depiction of Constantine on his deathbed ==Literary activity==
Literary activity
'', MS.Laur.Plut.59.32 f.171v Constantine VII was recognized as a writer and scholar, surrounding himself with educated people of the Imperial Court. He wrote, or had commissioned, the works Geoponika ("On Agriculture", in Greek Τὰ γεωπονικά), a compilation of agronomic works from earlier Greek and Punic texts that are otherwise lost; ("On Ceremonies", in Greek, Περὶ τῆς βασιλείου τάξεως), describing the kinds of court ceremonies (also described later in a more negative light by Liutprand of Cremona); ("On the Administration of the Empire", bearing in Greek the heading Πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον ὑιὸν Ρωμανόν), giving advice on running the Empire internally and on fighting external enemies; a history of the Empire covering events following the death of the chronographer Theophanes the Confessor in 817; and Excerpta Historica ("Excerpts from the Histories"), a collection of excerpts from ancient historians (many of whose works are now lost) in four volumes (1. De legationibus. 2. De virtutibus et vitiis. 3. De insidiis. 4. De sententiis). In The Manuscript Tradition of Polybius, John Michael Moore (CUP, 1965) provides a useful summary of the commission by Porphyrogenitus of the Constantine Excerpts: He felt that the historical studies were being seriously neglected, mainly because of the bulk of the histories. He therefore decided that a selection under fifty-three titles should be made from all the important historians extant in Constantinople; thus he hoped to assemble in a more manageable compass the most valuable parts of each author. ... Of the fifty-three titles into which the excerpts were divided, only six have survived: de Virtutibus et Vitiis; de Sententiis; de Insidiis; de Strategematis; de Legationibus Gentium ad Romanos; de Legationibus Romanorum ad Gentes. The titles of only about half the remaining forty-seven sections are known. Also amongst his historical works is a history eulogizing the reign and achievements of his grandfather, Basil I (Vita Basilii, Βίος Βασιλείου). These books are a source of information about nations neighbouring the Empire as well as into the Emperor himself. In his book, A Short History of Byzantium, John Julius Norwich refers to Constantine VII as "The Scholar Emperor". Norwich describes Constantine: He was, we are told, a passionate collector—not only of books and manuscripts but works of art of every kind; more remarkable still for a man of his class, he seems to have been an excellent painter. He was the most generous of patrons—to writers and scholars, artists and craftsmen. Finally, he was an excellent Emperor: a competent, conscientious and hard-working administrator and an inspired picker of men, whose appointments to military, naval, ecclesiastical, civil and academic posts were both imaginative and successful. He did much to develop higher education and took a special interest in the administration of justice. ==Family==
Family
By his wife Helena Lekapene, the daughter of Emperor Romanos I, Constantine VII had several children: • Leo ( 939–944), who died young. • Romanos II (939–963), who succeeded as emperor. • Zoe, sent to a convent. • Theodora, who married emperor John I Tzimiskes. • Agatha, sent to a convent. • Theophano, sent to a convent. • Anna, sent to a convent. == Legacy ==
Legacy
Constantine VII is still remembered in the Eastern Orthodox liturgy when the transfer of the Holy Mandylion is celebrated on 16 August in the Julian calendar which corresponds to 31 August in the Gregorian calendar. This feast is part of the Nut Feast of the Saviour for Slavs. == Solidi ==
Solidi
File:ConstantineVII.png|Solidus of Constantine VII. File:Solidus of Leo VI with Constantine VII (reverse).jpg|Gold solidus depicting Leo VI and Constantine VII, 908–913. File:Solidus of Constantine VII with Zoe (reverse).jpg|Zoe Karbonopsina and Constantine VII, 914–919. File:Constantine VII with Romanos I (reverse).jpg|Romanos I Lekapenos and Constantine VII, 920–945. File:Romanos I, Constantine VII & Christopher.jpg|Romanos I with Constantine VII and Christopher, 921–931. File:Constantine VII s1747.jpg|Constantine VII as sole emperor, 945–959. ==See also==
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