Germany Source: (German:
Verfassungsgerichthof für das Land Baden-Württemberg; abbreviated:
VerfGH BW) is the constitutional court for the German
Land (state) of
Baden-Württemberg and thereby a
constitutional organ on the state level. Besides its power of
judicial review (), it has a number of other powers and responsibilities which are assign to it by the .
Constitutional Court of Bavaria (German:
Bayrischer Verfassungsgerichthof; abbreviated:
VerfGH BY) is the state constitutional court for the
Free State of Bavaria. It is, along with the
Landesregierung (state government) and the
Landtag (state parliament), one of the three state constitutional institutions and has the power of judicial review: It may examine the compatibility of state laws with the
state constitution.
Constitutional Court of Berlin (German:
Verfassungsgerichthof des Landes Berlin; abbreviated:
VerfGH BE) is the constitutional court of the
city-state of
Berlin which is simultaneously the capital of the
Federal Republic of Germany. It is located in the same building as the
Kammergericht () and is authorized by Article 84 . It has the power of judicial review, the power to review electoral complaints and the power to hear cases concerning complaints against referendums and popular initiatives among others. (German:
Verfassungsgerichthof des Landes Brandenburg; abbreviated:
VerfG BB) (German:
Staatsgerichtshof der Freien Hansestadt Bremen; abbreviated:
StGH HB)
Constitutional Court of Hamburg (German:
Hamburgisches Verfassungsgericht; abbreviated:
VerfG HH) State Constitutional Court of Hesse (StGH HE)
Land Constitutional Court of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (VerfG MV) State Constitutional Court of Lower Saxony (StGH NDS)
Constitutional Court of North Rhine-Westphalia (German:
Verfassungsgericht für das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen; abbreviated:
VerfGH NRW or
VGH NRW) Constitutional Court of Rhineland-Palatinate (VerfGH RP)
Constitutional Court of Saarland (VerfGH SL)
Constitutional Court of the Free State of Saxony (VerfGH SN) State Constitutional Court of Saxony-Anhalt (VerfG ST)
State Constitutional Court of Schleswig-Holstein (VerfG SH)
Thuringian Constitutional Court (VerfGH TH)
Russia Before 2020, several
republics of Russia had their own constitutional courts, while in other
federal subjects like
oblasts and
federal cities they were known as charter courts, as republics are the only federal subjects to have their own constitutions. Constitutional and charter courts were completely independent and were not subordinate courts to the
Constitutional Court of Russia. Constitutional and charter courts used to hear cases relating to conformity with regional constitutions or charters of laws adopted by
regional legislatures and
governors' decrees, and in this category of cases constitutional and charter courts were courts of single instance. Constitutional and charter courts of the federal subjects were disestablished by the
2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia. As of 2020, constitutional courts remained in force in the 12 (out of 22) following republics: •
Adygea (known as the Constitutional Chamber of Adygea until 2000) •
Bashkortostan •
Chechnya •
Dagestan •
Ingushetia •
Kabardino-Balkaria •
Karelia •
Komi •
Mari El •
North Ossetia–Alania •
Sakha •
Tatarstan (see
Constitutional Court of Tatarstan) In the republics of
Buryatia and
Tuva, the constitutional courts were abolished by the republican constitutional laws in 2018 and 2019, respectively. In the republics of
Bashkortostan,
Tatarstan, and
Sakha, the disestablished constitutional courts were transformed into constitutional councils, without any judicial powers. Until 2020, charter courts existed in following federal subjects: •
Kaliningrad Oblast •
Saint Petersburg •
Sverdlovsk Oblast The charter court of
Chelyabinsk Oblast was disestablished in 2014.
former Yugoslavia In addition to the federal
Constitutional Court of Yugoslavia, each of the six constituent republics established its own constitutional court with the promulgation of the
1963 Constitution. The
1974 constitutional reforms further introduced provincial constitutional courts within the
Socialist Republic of Serbia, namely the
Constitutional Court of Vojvodina and
Constitutional Court of Kosovo. Following the
breakup of Yugoslavia, the republican courts (those of
Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia,
Macedonia,
Montenegro,
Serbia and
Slovenia) became the highest bodies of
constitutional review in their respective
successor states. The provincial constitutional courts in Serbia were abolished in 1990. In the immediate aftermath of the country's dissolution, the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (
Serbia and
Montenegro) maintained separate subnational courts. However, following
Montenegro's independence in 2006, Bosnia and Herzegovina remained the only state in the region with subnational constitutional courts: alongside the state-level Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, there are also the
Constitutional Court of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the
Constitutional Court of Republika Srpska. == See also ==