Ancient attempts Several rulers of antiquity dreamed of digging a
cutting through the isthmus. The first to propose such an undertaking was the
tyrant Periander in the 7th century BC. The project was abandoned and Periander instead constructed a simpler and less costly overland
portage road, named the
Diolkos or stone carriageway, along which ships could be towed from one side of the isthmus to the other. Periander's change of heart is attributed variously to the great expense of the project, a lack of labour or a fear that a canal would have robbed
Corinth of its dominant role as an
entrepôt for goods. Remnants of the
Diolkos still exist next to the modern canal. The
Diadoch Demetrius Poliorcetes (336–283 BC) planned to construct a canal as a means to improve his communication lines, but dropped the plan after his surveyors, miscalculating the levels of the adjacent seas, feared heavy floods. The philosopher
Apollonius of Tyana prophesied that anyone who proposed to dig a Corinthian canal would be met with illness. Three Roman rulers considered the idea but all suffered violent deaths; the historians
Plutarch and
Suetonius both wrote that the
Roman dictator Julius Caesar considered digging a canal through the isthmus but was assassinated before he could begin the project.
Caligula, the third
Roman Emperor, commissioned a study in 40 AD from Egyptian experts who claimed incorrectly that the Corinthian Gulf was higher than the
Saronic Gulf. As a result, they concluded, if a canal were dug the island of
Aegina would be inundated. Caligula's interest in the idea got no further as he too was assassinated before making any progress. 's canal project in 1881 The emperor
Nero was the first to attempt to construct the canal, personally breaking the ground with a pickaxe and removing the first basket-load of soil in 67 AD, but the project was abandoned when he died shortly afterwards. The Roman workforce, consisting of 6,000
Judean prisoners of war, started digging trenches from both sides, while a third group at the ridge drilled deep shafts for probing the quality of the rock (which were reused in 1881 for the same purpose). Other than this, as the modern canal follows the same course as Nero's, no remains have survived. The
Venetians also considered it in 1687 after their
conquest of the Peloponnese but likewise did not initiate any work on the ground.
Construction of the modern canal The idea of a canal was revived after Greece
gained formal independence from the
Ottoman Empire in 1830. The Greek statesman
Ioannis Kapodistrias asked a French engineer to assess the feasibility of the project but had to abandon it when its cost was assessed at 40 million
gold francs—far too expensive for the newly independent country. Fresh impetus was given by the opening of the
Suez Canal in 1869, and, the following year, the government of Prime Minister
Thrasyvoulos Zaimis passed a law authorizing the construction of a Corinth canal. French entrepreneurs were put in charge but, following the bankruptcy of the French company that had attempted to dig the
Panama Canal, French banks refused to lend money, and the company went bankrupt as well. A fresh concession was granted to the
Société Internationale du Canal Maritime de Corinthe in 1881, which was commissioned to construct the canal and operate it for the next 99 years. Construction was formally inaugurated on 23 April 1882 in the presence of King
George I of Greece. The company's initial capital was 30,000,000 francs (US$6.0 million in the money of the day), but after eight years of work, it ran out of money, and a bid to issue 60,000 bonds of 500 francs each flopped when less than half of the bonds were sold. The company's head,
István Türr, went bankrupt, as did the company itself and a bank that had agreed to raise additional funds for the project. Construction resumed in 1890, when the project was transferred to a Greek company, and was completed on 25 July 1893 after eleven years' work. The canal's high
limestone walls have been persistently unstable from the start. Although it was formally opened in July 1893 it was not opened to navigation until the following November, due to landslides. It was soon found that the wake from ships passing through the canal undermined the walls, causing further landslides. This required further expense in building retaining walls along the water's edge for more than half of the length of the canal, using 165,000 cubic metres of masonry. Between 1893 and 1940, it was closed for a total of four years for maintenance to stabilise the walls. In 1923 alone, 41,000 cubic metres of material fell into the canal, which took two years to clear out. Serious damage was caused to the canal during
World War II. On 26 April 1941, during the
Battle of Greece between defending Allied troops and the invading forces of
Nazi Germany, German parachutists and
glider troops attempted to capture the main bridge over the canal. The bridge was defended by British and
Anzac forces and had been wired for demolition. The Germans surprised the defenders with a glider-borne assault in the early morning of 26 April and captured the bridge, but the British set off the charges and destroyed the structure. Other authors maintain that German pioneers cut the detonation wires, and a lucky hit by British artillery triggered the explosion, or that they were set off by a rifle shot from one of the British sappers. Following the
Axis occupation of Greece the Allies made several attempts to block the canal but without success. In October 1944, as German forces
retreated from Greece, the canal was put out of action by German "
scorched earth" operations. German forces used explosives to trigger landslides to block the canal, destroyed the bridges and dumped locomotives, bridge wreckage and other infrastructure into the canal to hinder repairs. The
United States Army Corps of Engineers began to clear the canal in November 1947 and reopened it for shallow-draft traffic by 7 July 1948, and for all traffic by that September.
Modern use Because the canal is difficult to navigate for large vessels, it is mostly used by smaller recreational boats. A notable exception occurred on 9 October 2019, when the cruise ship
MS Braemar became the widest and longest ship to transit the canal. The canal closed at the beginning of 2021 after a landslide. It re-opened in June 2022 until October 2022. After further safety measures, the canal reopened on June 1, 2023. ==Layout==