Manado Malay

Vowels The vowel system of Manado Malay consists of five vowel phonemes. Consonants Manado Malay has nineteen consonants and two semivowels. Letter-to-sound correspondences Consonants Source: Vowels Stress Most words in Manado Malay have stress on the pre-final syllable: However, there are also many words with final stress: Note that the accents is not used in everyday writing; just to indicate the stressed syllable. ==Grammar==

Pronouns Personal Possessives Possessives are built by adding to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform". Interrogative words The following are the interrogative words or "w-words" in Manado Malay: Grammatical aspect ('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the perfective aspect, e.g.: • = 'They already went down to Wenang (the indigenous name for Manado)' • = 'We ate already' or 'We have eaten already' Nasal final The final nasals and in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu dialect of Malaysia (as well as other languages in Sulawesi such as Buginese and Makassarese), e.g.: • (Indonesian ) = 'to eat', • (Indonesian ) = 'to walk', • (Indonesian ) = 'to shower', etc. Prefix "ba-" prefix The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: (, 'walking'), (, 'swimming'), (, 'laying eggs') "ma(°)-" prefix ° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context. The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: (, 'hooking fish'), (, 'dancing'), (, 'searching'), (, 'cooking'), (, 'crying'). ==Influences==

Loanwords Due to the historical presence of the Dutch and the Portuguese in eastern Indonesia, several Manado Malay words originate from their languages. However, there is little influence from the local Minahasan languages, and borrowings from Spanish are not very prominent either – in spite of the historical Spanish dominance – suggesting that Manado Malay was transplanted from outside the Minahasa region. On the other hand, Portuguese influence is comparatively significant, considering that the Portuguese presence in the area was relatively limited. There is also some influence of loanwords from another Austronesian language group called Gorontalo–Mongondow languages. There is also a layer of loanwords from the non-Austronesian language of Ternate, which was controlled by the Portuguese in the period 1512–1655. Indonesian loanwords from Manado Malay Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to standard Indonesian: • (which indicates reciprocality) e.g.: ('to punch each other'), ('to hit each other'), Originally a loanword from Ternate, it has spread through Manado Malay into other regions of Indonesia. ==Examples==

Examples : • = I • = you • = we • = they • = yes • = no (' = glottal stop) Sentences : • : My mother went to the market • : You haven't eaten since yesterday. • : Don't lie to me! ''Note that the apostrophe (') is not used in everyday writing; just to indicate the glottal stop.'' ==References==

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