Created kind

The concept of the "kind" originates from a literal reading of Genesis 1:12–24: There is some uncertainty about what exactly the Bible means when it talks of "kinds". Creationist Brian Nelson claimed "While the Bible allows that new varieties may have arisen since the creative days, it denies that any new species have arisen." However, Russell Mixter, another creationist writer, said that "One should not insist that "kind" means species. The word "kind" as used in the Bible may apply to any animal which may be distinguished in any way from another, or it may be applied to a large group of species distinguishable from another group[...] there is plenty of room for differences of opinion on what are the kinds of Genesis." Frank Lewis Marsh coined the term baramin in his book Fundamental Biology (1941) and expanded on the concept in Evolution, Creation, and Science (), in which he stated that the ability to hybridize and create viable offspring was a sufficient condition for being members of the same baramin. However, he said that it was not a necessary condition, acknowledging that observed speciation events among Drosophila fruitflies had been shown to cut off hybridization. ==Baraminology==

In 1990, Kurt Wise introduced baraminology as an adaptation of Marsh's and Walter ReMine's ideas that was more in keeping with young Earth creationism. Wise advocated using the Bible as a source of systematic data. These groups correspond to the concepts of holophyly, monophyly, paraphyly, and polyphyly used in cladistics. Baraminology has been heavily criticized for its lack of rigorous tests and post-study rejection of data to make it better fit the desired findings. By denying general common descent, it tends to produce inconsistent results that also conflict with evidence discovered by biology. Created kinds have been compared to other attempts at "alternate research" to produce artificial, pseudoscientific "evidence" that supports preconceived conclusions, similarly to how advocacy was done by the tobacco industry. The US National Academy of Sciences and numerous other scientific and scholarly organizations recognize creation science as pseudoscience. Some techniques employed in Baraminology have been used to demonstrate evolution, thereby calling baraminological conclusions into question. ==See also==