's "Description geographique de la Chine", compiled based on the first systematic geographic survey of the entire Chinese Empire by a team of French Jesuits () Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville was born in Paris on 11 July 1697, in the
Kingdom of France. His passion for geographical research displayed itself from early years: aged twelve he was already amusing himself by drawing maps for
Latin authors. Later, his friendship with the antiquarian, Abbé Longuerue, greatly aided his studies. His first serious map, that of
Ancient Greece, was published when he was fifteen. At the age of twenty-two, he was appointed one the king's geographers, and began to attract the attention of first authorities. D'Anville's studies embraced everything of geographical nature in the world's literature, as far as he could muster it: for this purpose, he not only searched ancient and modern historians, travelers and narrators of every description, but also poets, orators and philosophers. One of his cherished subjects was to reform geography by putting an end to the blind copying of older maps, by testing the commonly accepted positions of places through a rigorous examination of all the descriptive authority, and by excluding from cartography every name inadequately supported. Vast spaces, which had before been bordered with countries and cities, were thus suddenly reduced mostly to a blank. D'Anville was at first employed in the humbler task of illustrating by maps the works of different travellers, such as Marchais, Charlevoix, Labat and
du Halde. For the
description of China by the last-named writer he was employed to make an atlas, which was published separately at
the Hague in 1737. Information for the maps of China came from
land surveys made across the Chinese empire by the order of the
Kangxi Emperor from 17081716. D'Anville's China maps were called the "standard Western source for the geography of China and adjacent regions," throughout the 19th century. In 1735 and 1736, he brought out two treatises on the figure of the earth; but these attempts to solve geometrical problems by literary material were, to a great extent, refuted by
Maupertuis' measurements of a degree within the polar circle. D'Anville's
historical method was more successful in his 1743 map of
Italy, which first indicated numerous errors in the mapping of that country and was accompanied by a valuable mémoir (a novelty in such work), showing in full the sources of the design. A trigonometrical survey which
Benedict XIV soon after had made in the papal states strikingly confirmed the French geographer's results. In his later years d'Anville did yeoman service for ancient and medieval geography, accomplishing something like a revolution in the former; mapping afresh all the chief countries of the pre-Christian civilizations (especially Egypt), and by his
Mémoire et abrégé de géographie ancienne et générale and his ''États formés en Europe après la chute de l'empire romain en occident'' (1771) rendering his labours still more generally useful. His last employment consisted in arranging his collection of maps, plans and geographical materials. It was the most extensive in Europe, and had been purchased by the king, who, however, left him the use of it during his life. This task performed, he sank into a total imbecility both of mind and body, which continued for two years, until his death in January 1782. ==Honors==