Early 1970s to 1980: Martial arts and first film appearance At the age of 12, Van Damme joined the
Centre National de Karaté (National Center of Karate) under the guidance of Claude Goetz in Belgium. Van Damme trained for four years and he earned a spot on the Belgian Karate Team; he later trained in full-contact karate and kickboxing with Dominique Valera. According to Van Damme, "it was tough growing up. I was kind of geeky, and physically I was not gifted". At the age of 15, he started his competitive karate career in Belgium. From 1976 to 1980, he compiled a record of 44 victories and four defeats in tournament and non-tournament semi-contact matches. He was a member of the Belgium Karate Team when it won the European Karate Championship on 26 December 1979 at La Coupe François Persoons Karate Tournament in Brussels. He placed second at the Challenge Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials). At the three-day tournament, he defeated 25 opponents before losing in the finals to teammate Angelo Spataro. He began his full-contact career in 1977, when Claude Goetz promoted the first ever full-contact karate tournament in Belgium. From 1977 to 1982, he compiled a record of 18 victories (18 knockouts) and one defeat. In 1979, he had an uncredited role in
André Delvaux's
Woman Between Wolf and Dog, a Belgian-French
drama film starring
Marie-Christine Barrault, and
Rutger Hauer. In 1980, he caught the attention of
Professional Karate Magazine publisher and editor Mike Anderson and multiple European champion Geert Lemmens. Both men tabbed Van Damme as an upcoming prospect. Van Damme retired from competition in 1982. During his early life, he sold flowers in restaurants, and got a loan to open a gym to save some money before his move to the United States. Aptly titled
California Gym, it was opened in 1979 and catered to "karate, dancing, aerobics, bodybuilding – everything". Van Damme adds that "I wrote special training programs for people, and it was a very upbeat atmosphere with music". At its peak,
California Gym was making $15,000 per month; "when I decided to sell my gym my father thought I was crazy. He said, 'What the hell are you doing? You have the best gym in Brussels. You have a sports car, a beautiful apartment, you're making so much money that you can have anything you want — and now you're going to sell your business and go to America'. He was very upset".
1982–1988: Early works and breakthrough In 1982, he and childhood friend
Michel Qissi moved to the United States in the hope of working as actors. They did a variety of jobs to support themselves. Their first job working on a film as extras in the hip hop dance film ''
Breakin''' (1984), made by
Cannon Films; they are seen dancing in the background at a dance demonstration. Around that time he developed a friendship with action martial art film star
Chuck Norris. They started sparring together, and Van Damme started to work as a bouncer at a bar named Woody's Wharf, owned by Norris. He also supplemented his income as a limousine driver and private karate instructor. He described his early days in the United States as being particularly difficult – excluding $2,000, he had placed all of his money from the sale of his gym into a European bank; To ensure his own emotional wellbeing, he would go for runs every night in Santa Monica. After that, he would train at the world-renowned
Gold's Gym. This routine reportedly helped him survive for many years. He actively participated in casting calls and had a specific routine. On Wednesdays, he would purchase the Drama-Logue magazine; then Thursday mornings, he would send out his picture and resume in response to advertisements. He was willing to try anything to achieve success, even going so far as to fabricate a story. He would call movie studios and claim to be an actor from Brussels with an investor from Hong Kong. He also instructed a friend to play along and act as if they wanted him to star in a movie and were willing to invest money, but required additional funding. Armed with this, he approached producers and suddenly found that all his phone calls were being answered. Of course, his intention was simply to meet the person and put his name out there, as opposed to securing illegitimate deals. That same year he also had a role in the comedy short film
Monaco Forever. Corey Yuen's martial arts film
No Retreat, No Surrender, which premiered On 2 May 1986 in
Los Angeles, was his first sizeable role when he was cast as the Russian villain. It starred
Kurt McKinney, and was released through
New World Pictures. McKinney stars as Jason Stillwell, a U.S. teenager who learns karate and defends his martial arts
dojo against a Soviet martial artist played by Van Damme. Both Van Damme and McKinney were set to also star in
No Retreat, No Surrender 2, but backed out. He worked for director
John McTiernan for the film
Predator (1987) as an early (eventually abandoned) version of the titular alien, before being removed and replaced by
Kevin Peter Hall. As the first choice to play the titular
Predator character, with the intent that he would use his martial arts skills to make the alien an agile,
ninja-like hunter, but after few days shot, he left the film. It was reported that he constantly complained about the monster suit being too hot and causing him to pass out; he allegedly also voiced reservations about only appearing on camera in the suit. Additionally, it became apparent that a more physically imposing actor was needed to make the creature appear threatening against the team of soldiers. The role eventually went to Kevin Peter Hall. After
Predator was a success, Van Damme said that he appreciated the movie and that he had no regrets about missing that role. Van Damme's breakout film was
Bloodsport, which opened on 26 February 1988, based on the alleged true story of
Frank Dux. It was shot on a $1.5-million budget for Cannon. The film is about
U.S. Army Captain Frank Dux (played by Van Damme), trained from his youth in the ways of
ninjutsu by Senzo Tanaka, who takes the place of Tanaka's deceased son Shingo in the illegal martial-arts tournament Kumite in
Hong Kong. It became a U.S. box-office hit in the spring of 1988. Producer Mark Di Salle said he was looking for "a new martial arts star who was a ladies' man, [but Van Damme] appeals to both men and women. He's an American hero who fights for justice the American way and kicks the stuffing out of the bad guys." In reality, Van Damme had begged for a starring role; at the point of casting, he was homeless, sleeping in cars and garages, and sometimes had to resort to stealing food to survive.
1989–1999: International stardom After the success of
Bloodsport, Cannon Films offered him the lead in
Delta Force 2,
American Ninja 3 or
Cyborg, a
cyberpunk martial arts film directed by
Albert Pyun. He chose
Cyborg which premiered in 1989. The film was a low budget box office success and led to two sequels, neither of which Van Damme appeared in. Cannon used Van Damme again in
Kickboxer released that same year. It was highly successful, returning over $50 million on a $3-million budget. The film started the
Kickboxer franchise. He did not appear in any of the film's four sequels, though he did return as a different character in the reboot series. In 1990, he starred in
Death Warrant, the first script credit for
David S. Goyer. Also that year he starred in
Lionheart.
Lionheart was directed by
Sheldon Lettich who had co-written
Bloodsport, and said the film was "the first movie to demonstrate that Van Damme was more than just a flash-in-the-pan "Karate Guy" who would never rise above simplistic low-budget karate movies." It also featured rear nudity from Van Damme which Lettich says "became a very memorable moment for the ladies in the audience, and for the gay guys as well. Showing off his butt (clothed or unclothed) almost became a signature trademark of his after that." It made a total of $30,102,717 in the US. Retrospective critics perceive it to be a fun action film, with good comical moments, and a good performance by Van Damme who plays two distinct characters. In 1992, he starred in one of the biggest blockbusters of the year in the sci-fi action picture,
Universal Soldier, directed by
Roland Emmerich for
Carolco. Van Damme (as
Luc Deveraux) and
Dolph Lundgren (as Sergeant Andrew Scott) play U.S. soldiers during the
Vietnam War who end up shooting each other dead after Devereaux discovers that Scott has gone insane and resorted to
mutilating civilians. They are later
reanimated in a secret Army project along with a large group of other previously dead soldiers and sent on a mission. At the
1992 Cannes Film Festival, Van Damme and Lundgren were involved in a verbal altercation that almost turned physical when both men pushed each other only to be separated, but it was believed to have only been a publicity stunt.
Universal Soldier opened in theatres on 10 July 1992, a moderate success domestically with $36,299,898 in US ticket sales, but a major blockbuster worldwide, making over $65 million overseas, which earned the film a total of $102 million worldwide, on a $23 million budget. He was considered to play Simon Phoenix in
Demolition Man and was briefly considered for the role of Michael Cheritto in
Heat. in 1993 In 1993, he made a cameo in
Last Action Hero, and starred in
Nowhere To Run. The film was the first in a three-picture deal between Van Damme and
Columbia Pictures and his fee was $3.5 million. Columbia said the film is "true to his audience and goes beyond his audience." He also made the 1993 cover of
Karaté Bushido, the oldest magazine dedicated to martial arts in Europe, joining martial artists such as
Bruce Lee (1974),
Bas Rutten (1997),
Rickson Gracie (1998),
Jackie Chan (2000),
Fedor Emelianenko (2007),
Georges St-Pierre (2008),
Jérôme Le Banner (2012),
Francis Ngannou (2019), and
Dave Leduc (2020). In 1994, he starred in
Hard Target for
Universal Pictures, the first American film from director
John Woo. Also released that year, he starred in
Timecop, playing a time-traveling cop. Directed by
Peter Hyams, the film was a huge success, grossing over $100 million worldwide, and remains his highest-grossing film in a lead role to date. Also that year, he starred in
Street Fighter, written and directed by
Steven E. de Souza for Universal and based on the video game. It was poorly received critically. Though a commercial success, making approximately three times its production cost. Van Damme and Hyams re-teamed for Universal's
Sudden Death, released in 1995. Van Damme portrays a
French Canadian-born
firefighter with the
Pittsburgh Fire Bureau who suffered a personal crisis after he was unable to save a young girl from a house fire. Now removed from active duty, he has become demoted to being
fire marshal for the
Pittsburgh Civic Arena, where a gang of terrorists are holding
U.S. Vice President and several other VIPs hostage in a luxury suite during a game. The movie was a modest success. In 1996, he starred and directed
The Quest. The film, though it under-performed domestically, did better internationally at the box-office and was a commercial success. That year, he appeared in the TV show
Friends in the two-part episode "
The One After the Superbowl". He also starred in
Maximum Risk, the first American film directed by
Ringo Lam, and their first collaboration. The film was mildly successful at the box office. He followed up with
Double Team (1997), a sci fi action film with basketball superstar
Dennis Rodman. It was Hong Kong director
Tsui Hark's American debut. In 1998, he and Hark reunited on
Knock Off, a
box-office flop. Also that year, Van Damme acted in the war film
Legionnaire. Despite a $35 million budget, it was not released theatrically in the US, only overseas. In 1999, he starred in
Universal Soldier: The Return, (1999), where he returns as
Luc Deveraux. The movie did poorly at the box office debuting at #4, which proved to be his last theatrical release until
JCVD in 2008. That year he also starred in
Inferno (1999). 2000–2007: Switch to direct-to-video Released in 2001,
Replicant is the second collaboration between Van Damme and director
Ringo Lam, and the fifth time that Van Damme has starred in a
dual role. It co-stars
Michael Rooker. Also that year he starred in
The Order, directed by
Sheldon Lettich, and written by Van Damme. In 2002, he starred in
Derailed. In Hell is a 2003 American
prison action film directed by
Ringo Lam. It is the third collaboration between Van Damme and Lam. Van Damme plays an American working overseas in
Magnitogorsk, Russia. That same year, he employed his dancing training in the music video for
Bob Sinclar's "Kiss My Eyes". His 2004 film was
Wake of Death, an action film directed by
Philippe Martinez.
Ringo Lam was the original director, but he left the project after a few weeks of filming in Canada. It co-stars
Simon Yam, Valerie Tian,
Tony Schiena, etc. In 2005, he played himself in the French film
Narco. In 2006, he starred in
Second in Command directed by Simon Fellows, and
The Hard Corps directed by Sheldon Lettich. In 2007, he played a small role in
The Exam, a Turkish
comedy-drama film directed by
Ömer Faruk Sorak. Also that year he starred in
Until Death.
2008–2013: Return to mainstream in October 2007 Van Damme returned to the mainstream with the limited theatrical release of the 2008 film
JCVD, which received positive reviews.
Time Magazine named his performance in the film the second best of the year (after
Heath Ledger's The Joker in
The Dark Knight), having previously stated that Van Damme "deserves not a black belt, but an Oscar." Also in 2008, he starred in
Isaac Florentine's
The Shepherd: Border Patrol. He then reprised his role as
Luc Deveraux alongside
Dolph Lundgren in the 2009 film
Universal Soldier: Regeneration, directed by
John Hyams. The film was released theatrically in the Middle East and Southeast Asia and directly to video in the United States and other parts of the world. Since its release, the film has received mostly positive reviews, with praise towards the performances and surprisingly high production values. In 2010, he directed himself in the barely released
Full Love. That same year, he turned down the role of Gunner Jensen in the first instalment of
The Expendables and the role went to
Dolph Lundgren. In 2011, he voiced Master Croc in the computer animation film
Kung Fu Panda 2. In the film, he voices a character who helps the heroes of the previous film. That same year, he co-starred with
Scott Adkins in
Assassination Games. Also in 2011, he played a role in the French comedy
Beur sur la ville. Also that year, he starred in his own reality TV show
Behind Closed Doors. The show showcases his family life, his personal troubles, and an upcoming fight. Since 2009, he has been planning to make a comeback to fight former boxing Olympic gold-medalist
Somluck Kamsing. The fight was a focal point in his ITV reality show
Behind Closed Doors. The fight has been repeatedly postponed, with many critics doubting it will occur, especially due to the difficulty of booking the venue. In 2012, he acted in the Russian
comedy film named
Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon, and
U.F.O. He starred in
Dragon Eyes,
Universal Soldier: Day of Reckoning, and
Six Bullets. Also that year, he starred as the main villain in
The Expendables 2. The film series follows a mercenary group as they undertake a mission which evolves into a quest for revenge against a rival mercenary (Van Damme). The film was a success, grossing over $310 million worldwide, and was his big return to the action genre.
Empires Nick de Semlyen praised Van Damme's "grandstanding, plutonium-crazed baddie" and Lundgren's "action-troll" as high points in the film. Also that year, he was seen as part of Kam Sing's ring crew when Kam Sing fought against
Jomhod Kiatadisak. He also appeared in commercials for
Coors Light beer, showing him on a snow-covered mountain wearing a sleeveless denim jacket, and for the washing powder Dash. On 21 October 2012, he was honored with a life-size statue of himself in his hometown of
Brussels. He told reporters during the unveiling, "Belgium is paying me back something, but really it's to pay back to the dream. So when people come by here, it is not Jean-Claude van Damme but it's a guy from the street who believed in something. I want the statue to represent that". In 2013, he acted in the comedy
Welcome to the Jungle. Also that year
, he played the main villain in
Enemies Closer, an American
action thriller film directed by
Peter Hyams. On 13 November 2013,
Volvo Trucks released an advertisement on
YouTube that shows Van Damme doing the
splits while perched with each of his feet on the outer rearview mirrors of one
semi-trailer truck and one
box truck moving backwards, which he describes in the commercial as "the most epic of splits". The video quickly went viral around the web, receiving more than 11 million views in three days, 35 million in the first week. It was dubbed as
The Epic Split.
2014–present: Subsequent films Swelter is a 2014 American action film in which he plays one of the leads. It stars
Lennie James, and co-stars
Grant Bowler,
Josh Henderson, and
Alfred Molina. James plays a sheriff in a small town who has a dark past that he can not remember, only to have to confront it when his ex-partners show up looking for stolen money they believe he has. In 2015, he starred in the
action thriller film
Pound of Flesh, directed by
Ernie Barbarash. Also that year, he had a supporting role in a Chinese
superhero parody film. In 2016, he returned to his voice role of Master Croc in the
Kung Fu Panda franchise for the
third installment. Also that year, he acted in
Kickboxer: Vengeance directed by
John Stockwell. It is a reboot of the original where he was the lead. That year he also played the lead in the TV series
Jean-Claude Van Johnson. In 2017, he starred in ''
Kill 'Em All'', an action film directed by
Peter Malota. In 2018, he returned to his role in
Kickboxer: Retaliation, a sequel to the reboot. That same year, he acted in
Black Water. It co-stars
Dolph Lundgren in the fifth collaboration between both actors as well as the first time they appear together as on-screen allies. In 22 August of that same year, he starred in
Julien Leclercq's
The Bouncer. In 2019, he starred in
We Die Young. In 2021, he starred in
The Last Mercenary. In 2022, he voiced the character Jean-Clawed in the computer animation film
Minions: The Rise of Gru. In 2023, he featured his likeness and voice as
Johnny Cage in the fighting game
Mortal Kombat 1 (2023). In 2024, he debuted in
Hitman: World of Assassination as the game's latest "elusive target". The game features Van Damme in the role of Max Valliant, a former ICA agent who avoided a previous assassination attempt several years prior. ==Monuments==