was a German
cruise liner laid down on 4 August 1936. Intended to be christened Adolf Hitler, she was eventually named after
Wilhelm Gustloff, the assassinated leader of
Nazi Party Foreign Organisation in Switzerland. She was launched into the
Elbe on 5 May 1937. The liner was constructed by
Blohm & Voss,
Hamburg as part of the
Kraft durch Freude (Strength through Joy) program to endorse low-cost voyages for the German working class, with the belief that happy workers work harder. Up to 30 luxury liners had been planned, but only two were ever built.
Wilhelm Gustloff was the
flagship, and was her
sister ship. At the outbreak of the war in September, 1939, the ship's original purpose came to an end. She was requisitioned by the
Kriegsmarine and converted to a
hospital ship until 20 November 1940 with the designation
Lazarettschiff D (Hospital Ship D), but was often referred to as
Lazarettschiff "Wilhelm Gustloff" (Hospital Ship "
Wilhelm Gustloff"). After that, she became a floating barracks (
accommodation ship) for around 1,000 men of the 2nd
U-boat Training Division in the port of Gotenhafen (now
Gdynia).
Wilhelm Gustloff was moored there for more than four years until 1945 before she was put back into service as part of
Operation Hannibal. Commenced on 23 January 1945, Operation Hannibal was a German naval action under the initiative of Grand Admiral
Karl Doenitz to evacuate German civilians and military personnel from the
Baltic (
Courland,
East Prussia, and
Polish Corridor) as the Soviet
Red Army advanced. Doenitz asserted that the operation was to evacuate as many lives as possible away from the already-begun Soviet reprisals. Ships of all kinds took part in this massive rescue operation, which ceased in May 1945 as the war ended. At 1230 hours on 30 January 1945,
Wilhelm Gustloff left Gotenhafen for
Kiel. By 1500 hours she had reached the open sea. It was snowing, with a temperature of and strong wind of . According to the ship's official records, 6,000 to 7,000 people were registered. In fact, more than 10,500 people were on board, exceeding her designed capacity by about 8,650. The ship was 'Noah's Ark' for those escaping the advancing Soviet Red Army. At 2108 hours, only about after her departure, she was torpedoed by the Soviet submarine , commanded by Captain
Aleksandr Marinesko. Before sinking
Wilhelm Gustloff, Marinesko was facing a court martial for drunkenness. Four
torpedoes were prepared and each had one nickname: 'For Motherland', 'For Leningrad', 'For the Soviet People', and 'For Stalin'. The first three were launched successfully and struck the port side of the ship. After being struck, the ship listed rapidly to port. Within an hour, she sank beneath the Baltic Sea. As many as 9,343 lives were lost. This remains the highest death toll of any ship sinking in history and is dubbed "the German
Titanic." The number of casualties is six times greater than that of
Titanic. 1,215 survivors were picked up by eight German ships that came to the rescue.
S-13 launched two torpedoes at one of them without scoring any hits. On 10 February 1945,
S-13 sank another evacuation ship
SS Steuben that was carrying about 5,000 people where only 650 survived. In the end, only about 10 percent of the passengers survived, because many of the
lifeboats were unusable, and the crew essential for lowering them were either trapped or dead following the first torpedo impact. Additionally, overcrowding that led to chaos trapped many passengers below decks, and the freezing waters of the Baltic Sea diminished the chance of survival for the floating survivors. == Cast ==