Eastern quoll

The eastern quoll is a member of the family Dasyuridae, which includes most carnivorous marsupials. Its species name, viverrinus, indicates it is "ferret-like". There are no recognised subspecies. == Description ==

Eastern quolls are about the size of a small domestic cat, with adult males measuring in total length, including the tail, and having an average weight of . Females are significantly smaller, measuring , including a tail, and weighing around . They have a tapering snout, short legs, and erect ears. They can be distinguished from all other species of quoll by the presence of only four toes, rather than five, on the hind feet, lacking the hallux. They have a thick, light fawn or near-black, coat covered by white spots, with off-white underparts stretching from the chin to the underside of the tail. Both fawn and black individuals can be born in the same litter, although in surviving populations the former are about three times more common than the latter. The spots are in diameter, and are found across the upper body and flanks, from the top of the head to the rump, but, unlike some other species of quoll, do not extend onto the tail. Eastern quolls exhibit biofluorescence under ultraviolet light. This was first photographed in the wild in 2025. File:Eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) fawn morph head Esk Valley.jpg|Fawn morph File:Eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) black morph head Esk valley.jpg|Black morph File:Eastern quolls (Dasyurus viverrinus) black and fawn morphs Esk Valley.jpg|Black and fawn morphs == Distribution and habitat ==

The eastern quoll was formerly found across much of southeastern mainland Australia, from the eastern coasts of South Australia, through most of Victoria, to the mid-north coast of New South Wales. The species was formerly abundant around Adelaide, particularly the Adelaide Hills, with a 1923 newspaper article noting its rapid decline and presumed extinction in the area during the preceding ten years. It likely became functionally extinct across its entire mainland range by the early 1960s, but remains widespread but patchy in Tasmania and Bruny Island. Within Tasmania, eastern quolls inhabit rainforest, heathland, alpine areas, and scrub below . However, they prefer dry grassland and forest mosaics, bounded by agricultural land, particularly where pasture grubs are common. == Behaviour ==

The eastern quoll is a solitary predator, hunting at night for its prey of insects, small mammals, birds, and reptiles. They have been known to scavenge food from the much larger Tasmanian devil. and spend the day resting in dens, although they may also use natural rock crevices or hollow tree trunks. The dens often consist of no more than a simple, blind-ending tunnel, but are sometimes more complex, including one or more nesting chambers lined with grass. Each individual uses a number of dens, usually no more than five, which it alternates between on different days. Home ranges are typically around for females, and for males, with the latter increasing dramatically during the breeding season. Territories are scent marked, although scats are distributed randomly, rather than placed at specific latrines. Adults also ward off intruders by hissing and making coughing sounds, and also make a sharp shriek that may be an alarm call. If intruders fail to leave quickly, then aggressive action escalates to chasing and wrestling with jaws while standing on their hind legs. Mothers and young have softer calls they use to maintain contact. ==Reproduction==

The breeding season begins in early winter. The oestrus cycle lasts 34 days, although most individuals mate during their first cycle of the year. The female gives birth up to thirty young after a gestation period of 19 to 24 days. The young remain attached to the teat for 60 to 65 days, begin to develop fur at around 51 days, open their eyes at about 79 days, and are fully weaned at 150 to 165 days. They reach sexual maturity in their first year and typically live for 2–3 years, but can live for up to 7 years in captivity. == Conservation ==

An Australia-wide group of institutions collaborate in the Tasmanian Quoll Conservation Program to manage the breeding of eastern and spotted-tailed quolls in order to directly support wild populations within Tasmania and Eastern Quoll conservation programs across Australia. Tasmania The eastern quoll likely became extinct on mainland Australia due to predation by introduced predators (red fox) but disease has also been implicated as a potential causative factor of decline. The lack of foxes in Tasmania likely has contributed to the survival of the species there; however, unseasonal weather events and predation by feral cats are thought to have contributed to possible recent and continuing population declines in Tasmania. The species is currently classified as Endangered by the IUCN. however a taxidermied specimen provided to NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service in 2016 was reported to have been collected in 1989 or 1990 in the Gloucester region of NSW, indicating the species may have survived longer than the generally accepted 1960's decade of its mainland extinction. Specimens collected in 2005 and 2008 west of Melbourne, Victoria, are likely connected with a nearby wildlife sanctuary, either as direct escapees, or the descendants of escapees from that facility. Reintroductions Victoria In 2003, the eastern quoll was reintroduced to a fox-proof fenced sanctuary at Mt Rothwell Biodiversity Interpretation Centre at Mount Rothwell in Victoria. Australian Capital Territory In March 2016, a trial reintroduction of 16 eastern quolls from Mount Rothwell (Victoria), and Tasmania was conducted at Mulligans Flat Woodland Sanctuary in the Australian Capital Territory. Mulligans Flat is a public reserve which is surrounded by a predator-proof conservation fence. Founders from the first trial had a survival rate of 28.6%, with the majority of mortalities being associated with males dispersing beyond the predator-proof fence. Adopting an adaptive management approach, the second and third trials involved only releasing females (preferring those carrying pouch young), which was met with increased survival (76.9% in 2017 and 87.5% in 2018). New South Wales Beginning in 2017 the Aussie Ark conservation program instituted a captive breeding project within a fox-proof fenced sanctuary, the Barrington Wildlife Sanctuary. As of 2022, 250 eastern quolls had been released into the enclosure resulting in 63 joeys born in 2022 breeding season. In 2018, as a pilot program, twenty captive-bred eastern quolls were released into Booderee National Park on the south coast of New South Wales. The National Park was unfenced, but had undergone red fox baiting to prepare for the eastern quoll reintroduction. A second release of 40 eastern quolls was conducted in 2019. However, due to threats including predation by residual red foxes, domestic dogs, and road mortality, no founders survived beyond early 2021. In light of this failure and following the successful example of the Aussie Ark program a second trial release of nineteen eastern quoll was made into a fenced area in the Park. A third captive breeding program was established at the Conmurra Wildlife Sanctuary in Bathurst in 2025 with plans to expand its breeding population prior to releases of eastern quolls into the wild. == References ==