Brown's scholarship has focused on four areas: the relation between philosophy and theology, sacramental theology, theology and the arts, and Anglican studies. His period at Oxford was primarily concerned with philosophical theology, and during his tenure as Fellow and Chaplain he worked closely with his Oriel colleagues Basil Mitchell and
Richard Swinburne, two successive Nolloth Professors of the Philosophy of the Christian Religion. He was identified at this point with analytic philosophy of religion, but also with a rigorously historical-critical approach to Scripture. While at Oriel he published
The Divine Trinity (1985), a critique of contemporary
deism and unitarianism and a defense of continuing divine action, progressive revelation, the full personhood of the Holy Spirit, and a social model of the Trinity. Brown did not explicitly defend a kenotic model of the Incarnation in this volume, but his sympathetic treatment of kenosis here was much later developed into a full study and defense in
Divine Humanity (2010/2011). In 1985 he published an influential article titled "No Heaven Without Purgatory". Also during his time at Oxford Brown explored the influence of French and German philosophy on Christian doctrine, the conclusions of which were published in
Continental Philosophy and Modern Theology (1987). After moving to Durham, and partly through the influence of his new colleague
Ann Loades, Brown's research and teaching broadened to include sacramental theology and the relationship between theology and the arts. These interests gradually coalesced into five major volumes with Oxford University Press. The first two—
Tradition and Imagination (1999) and
Discipleship and Imagination (2000)—defended a positive understanding of developing tradition in Christianity and other religions as a vehicle of progressive divine revelation and a necessary creative response of human imagination. The following three—
God and Enchantment of Place (2004),
God and Grace of Body (2007), and
God and Mystery in Words (2008)—defended an expansive account of sacramentality and religious experience mediated through natural and built environments, painting, bodies, food and drink, music, literature, and drama. According to Brown, the "fundamental thesis" underlying all five volumes is that "both natural and revealed theology are in crisis, and that the only way out is to give proper attention to the cultural embeddedness of both." He also sought to reclaim and revitalize the category of "natural religion" in contrast to traditional "natural theology". And yet, at the same time, he presented the Incarnation of God in the human person Jesus as the lens through which all of these issues are ultimately best understood. In a volume of essays engaging specifically with these books, co-editor Robert MacSwain wrote that the five volumes inaugurated by
Tradition and Imagination "present many detailed arguments across a vast canvas through a sophisticated blend of philosophy, theology, biblical studies, classical studies, church history, comparative religion, comparative literature, and a wide range of other disciplines and cultural studies, particularly those related to the fine and performing arts, up to and including pop culture in its various manifestations and media. The primarily analytic and empirical approach of
The Divine Trinity was not totally abandoned, but has now been thoroughly integrated into a much deeper and richer context, one that more faithfully represents the genuine complexity of the Christian tradition and which is thus more fruitful in interpreting, assessing, and defending it." A Scottish Episcopalian initially ordained in the Church of England, Brown belongs to the Anglo-Catholic tradition that developed out of the 19th century
Oxford Movement, and has written studies of Anglican figures such as
Joseph Butler,
John Henry Newman,
Edward Bouverie Pusey,
Austin Farrer, and
Michael Ramsey. Brown's perspective has been described as a "Critical Catholicism": "instead of seeking to go beyond (or around) 'secular' reason, it accepts native British empirical standards in both philosophy and history, does not object to metaphysics and natural theology in principle, sees special revelation as building upon general revelation, and rather than isolating Christian faith in a protected world of its own seeks to integrate it fully with what is known in other fields of human inquiry. At the same time, such 'Critical Catholicism' takes seriously the basic contours of Nicene Christianity and works as much as possible within those parameters, adjusting them only when it seems absolutely necessary in light of new knowledge." == Selected publications ==