Early life Victor de Broglie was born in
Paris on 28 November 1785, the youngest child and only son of
Charles-Louis-Victor, prince de Broglie, and grandson of
Victor-François, 2nd duc de Broglie. While his grandfather
emigrated, his parents were imprisoned during the
Terror. His father was
guillotined in 1794, but his mother, the former Countess Sophie de Rosen (Paris 10 Mar 1764Paris 31 Oct 1828) managed to escape to
Switzerland, where she remained until the
fall of Robespierre. She then returned to Paris with her children – three older daughters and one son– and lived there quietly until 1796, when she married the
Marc-René-Voyer de Paulmy, marquis d'Argenson, grandson of
Louis XV's minister of war. On his grandfather's death in 1804, Victor de Broglie became the third
duc de Broglie. Under the care of his stepfather, the young duke received a careful and liberal education and made his
entrée into the
aristocratic and literary society of
Paris under the
First French Empire. In 1821, his wife Albertine, the daughter of
Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein (Albertine's biological father may have been
Benjamin Constant) and
Madame de Staël, gave birth to
Albert, who would become the fourth duke of Broglie. His first-born daughter
Louise would publish novels and biographies, and be famously painted by
Ingres; another son,
Auguste, would have an ecclesiastical and academic career.
Career In 1809, de Broglie was appointed a member of the
Council of State, over which the emperor
Napoleon presided in person. In addition, he was sent by the Emperor on diplomatic missions, as an
attaché, to various countries. Though he had never been in sympathy with the principles of the Empire, the duc de Broglie was not one of those who rejoiced at its downfall. In common with all men of experience and sense, he realized the danger to France of the rise to power of the forces of violent reaction. With
Decazes and
Richelieu, he saw that the only hope for a calm future lay in the reconciliation of the
Restoration with the
French Revolution. By the influence of his uncle,
Amédée de Broglie, his right to a peerage had been recognized, and to his own great surprise he received, in June 1814, a summons from
Louis XVIII to the
Chamber of Peers. There, after the
Hundred Days, he distinguished himself by his courageous defence of
Marshal Ney, for whose acquittal he, alone of all the peers, both spoke and voted. After this defiant act of opposition it was perhaps fortunate that his impending marriage gave him an excuse for leaving the country. On 15 February 1816, he was married at
Leghorn to
Albertine, baroness Staël von Holstein, the daughter of
Madame de Staël. He returned to Paris at the end of the year, but took no part in politics until the
elections of September 1816 broke the power of the
ultraroyalists and substituted for the
Chambre introuvable a moderate assembly composed of liberal
Doctrinaires. De Broglie's political attitude during the years that followed is best summed up in his own words:
The July Monarchy During the last critical years of
Charles X's reign, de Broglie identified himself with the liberal party – the
Doctrinaires, among whom
Royer-Collard and
Guizot were the most prominent. The
July Revolution of 1830 placed him in a difficult position; he knew nothing of the intrigues which placed
Louis Philippe on the throne; the revolution accomplished, however, he was ready to uphold the
fait accompli with characteristic loyalty, and on 9 August 1830 took office in the new government as
President of the Council and
Minister of Public Worship and Education. As he had foreseen, the ministry was short-lived, and on 2 November he was once more out of office. During the critical time that followed, he consistently supported the principles which triumphed with the fall of
Laffitte, representative of the center-left
Parti du mouvement, and the accession to power of
Casimir Perier, leader of the center-right
Parti de la résistance, in March 1831. After the death of the latter and the
insurrection of June 1832, De Broglie took office once more as
Minister for Foreign Affairs (11 October). His tenure of the foreign office was coincident with a very critical period in international relations. But for the sympathy of Britain under
Palmerston, the
July Monarchy would have been completely isolated in Europe, and this sympathy the aggressive policy of France in
Belgium and on the
Mediterranean coast of
Africa had been in danger of alienating. The
Belgian crisis had been settled, so far as the two powers were concerned, before De Broglie took office, but the concerted military and naval action for the coercion of the
Dutch, which led to the French occupation of
Antwerp, was carried out under his auspices. The good understanding of which this was the symbol characterized also the relations of De Broglie and Palmerston during the crisis of the first war of
Muhammad Ali with the
Porte, and in the affairs of the Spanish peninsula their common sympathy with constitutional liberty led to an agreement for common action, which took shape in the
Quadruple Alliance between Britain, France, Spain and Portugal, signed at
London on 22 April 1834. De Broglie had retired from office in the March preceding, and did not return to power until March of the following year, when he became
head of the cabinet. One of De Broglie's first act on his return was to have the National Assembly ratify the 4 July 1831 treaty with the United States, which it had rejected during his first term. His cabinet also voted the 1835 laws restricting
freedom of press, following
Giuseppe Fieschi's attempted assassination against Louis-Philippe in July 1835. In 1836, the government having been defeated on a proposal to reduce the five percents tax, he once more resigned. He had remained in power long enough to prove what honesty of purpose, experience of affairs, and common sense can accomplish when allied with authority. The debt that France and Europe owed him may be measured by comparing the results of his policy with that of his successors under not dissimilar circumstances. He had found France isolated and Europe full of the rumours of war; he left her strong in the English alliance and the respect of Liberal Europe, and Europe freed from the restless apprehensions which were to be stirred into life again by the attitude of
Thiers in the Eastern Question and of Guizot in the affair of the
Spanish Marriages. From 1836 to 1848, De Broglie held almost completely aloof from politics, to which his scholarly temperament little inclined him, a disinclination strengthened by the death of his wife on 22 September 1838. His friendship for Guizot, however, induced him to accept a temporary mission in 1845, and in 1847 to go as French
ambassador to
London.
Second Republic and Second Empire The
revolution of 1848 was a great blow to him, for he realized that it meant the final ruin of the constitutional monarchy, in his view the political system best suited to France. He took his seat, however, in the republican
National Assembly and in the
Convention of 1848, and, as a member of the section known as the "
Burgraves", fought against both
socialism and what he foresaw as a coming
autocratic reaction. He shared with his colleagues the indignity of the
2 December 1851 coup, and remained for the remainder of his life one of the bitterest enemies of the
Second Empire, though he was heard to remark, with that caustic wit for which he was famous, that the empire was the government which the poorer classes in France desired and the rich deserved. The last twenty years of his life were devoted chiefly to philosophical and literary pursuits. Having been brought up by his stepfather in the sceptical opinions of the time, he gradually arrived at a sincere belief in the
Christian religion. "I shall die," he said, "a penitent Christian and an impenitent Liberal". His literary works, though few of them have been published, were rewarded in 1856 by a seat in the
Académie française, replacing
Louis de Beaupoil de Saint-Aulaire, and he was also a member of the
Académie des sciences morales et politiques. In the labors of those learned bodies he took an active and assiduous part. == Honours ==