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Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment

Between 1589 and 1592, the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped "unequal weights of the same material" from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass, according to a biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani, composed in 1654 and published in 1717. The basic premise had already been demonstrated by Italian experimenters a few decades earlier.

Background
The 6th-century Byzantine Greek philosopher and Aristotelian commentator John Philoponus argued that the Aristotelian assertion that objects fall proportionately to their weight was incorrect. By 1544, according to Benedetto Varchi, the Aristotelian premise was disproven experimentally by at least two Italians. In 1551, Domingo de Soto suggested that objects in free fall accelerate uniformly. ==Galileo's experiment==
Galileo's experiment
At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place, Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of falling bodies. He had, however, formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies of the same material falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed. While this story has been retold in popular accounts, there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and many historians believe that it was a thought experiment. An exception is Stillman Drake, who argues that it took place, more or less as Viviani described it, as a demonstration for students. He writes: His argument is that if we assume heavier objects do indeed fall faster than lighter ones (and conversely, lighter objects fall slower), the string will soon pull taut as the lighter object retards the fall of the heavier object. But the system considered as a whole is heavier than the heavy object alone, and therefore should fall faster. This contradiction leads one to conclude the assumption is false. ==Later performances==
Later performances
, Apollo 15 (1.38 MB, ogg/Theora format) Astronaut David Scott performed a version of the experiment on the Moon during the Apollo 15 mission in 1971, dropping a feather and a hammer from his hands. Because of the negligible lunar atmosphere, there was no drag on the feather, which reached the lunar surface at the same time as the hammer. The basic premise behind these experiments is now known as the (weak) equivalence principle. Galileo's hypothesis that inertial mass (resistance to acceleration) equals gravitational mass (weight) was extended by Albert Einstein to include special relativity and that combination became a key concept leading to the development of the modern theory of gravity, general relativity. Physical experiments following Galileo increased the precision of the equivalence to better than one part in a trillion. ==See also==
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