The son of a
Protestant minister, his brothers were the
conservative historian
Gerhard Ritter and the
theologist Karl Bernhard Ritter. He was educated at
Halle where he studied under
Carl Brockelmann and
Paul Kahle, then at Strasbourg under
Carl Heinrich Becker. He then served as a military interpreter during
World War I in
Iraq,
Palestine and
Iran. In 1919 he became a teaching assistant at the
University of Hamburg, researching
classical Arabic literature and Greek and medieval
alchemy. But his academic career in Germany was effectively ended in 1925 when he was convicted for homosexuality. Being dismissed from his post in early 1926, he went to
Istanbul.
Istanbul (1926-1949) In Istanbul Ritter realised the city's ancient libraries held a wealth of manuscripts and literary treasures that lay moldering and unregarded. He began work on a series of scholarly articles, which he had published in the series
Philologika; Issue I -
Gustav Flügel's 1870 unfinished translation work on the tenth century encyclopedia of
Ibn al-Nadim, entitled
Al-Fihrist; Issue VII - edited translations of Arabic and Persian treatises on profane and mystical love; Issue VIII - Anṣāri Haravi and Sanāʾi Ḡaznavi; Issue X - Farid-al-din ʿAṭṭār; Issue XI - Jalāl-al-Din Rumi; Issues XIV-XVI - ʿAṭṭār. He also discovered the original text of the fantasy anthology
Tales of the Marvellous and News of the Strange. Despite his effective exile from Germany, he was head of the
German Orientalist Society in Istanbul and his scholarly work had some supporters in Germany. This support enabled the funding of his proposed
Bibliotheca Islamica series of scholarly monographs from 1929 onwards. In the early 1930s he worked on early Arabic alchemical manuscripts, among others, and also pioneered the understanding of the influence of Ancient Greek literature on Arabic culture and science. The election of the
Nazi Party in Germany in 1933 meant that Ritter's contract for work was ended, but friends in the German Orientalist Society quietly managed to find a small amount of funding that enabled his work to continue. Then a new and local opportunity arose, due to
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's rapid modernisation of Istanbul and Turkey. Thus the newly improved and re-organised
Istanbul University asked Ritter to work as a professor. Despite working on a temporary contract, Ritter was tasked with raising a new generation of Turkish scholars, able to work with rigour on the region's ancient literature. The Swiss orientalist
Fritz Meier was also among his students in Istanbul. Ritter pursued the work with vigour, making his students learn a new language each year.
Germany (1949-1956) After the defeat of the Nazis in
World War II Ritter was able to return to Germany in 1949, and this enabled the completion of his most important work: the encyclopaedic manual on the rituals and beliefs of Islamic mysticism
Das Meer der Seele (1955 in German). From 1953 he found work as a teaching assistant at the
Frankfurt University Institute of Oriental Studies. But homosexuality in Germany was at that time still criminal, and in 1956 he returned again to Istanbul.
Istanbul (1956-1969) Upon his return to Turkey Ritter began work at the Istanbul University on a
UNESCO-funded project to catalogue the scattered ancient poetry manuscripts in the various city archives. By 1960 Ritter's early sympathies with the mystical orders of Islam and his and assiduous gathering of their MS texts ensured their survival. In the 1920s just prior to Atatürk's official ban of dancing rituals Ritter had recorded the rituals directly from the key dance-masters of Istanbul. The subsequent restoration of these rituals in 1960 relied heavily on Ritter's accurate recordings and interviews for success. Ritter's scholarship, and practice as a musician, helped establish his authority as leader of the field. In his last years he documented a small group of elderly refugees, who were ancient
Aramaic native speakers - a language considered endangered - and with whom he prepared a five-volume Aramaic dictionary and guide to the grammar.
Germany (1969-1971) Ritter returned to Germany in 1969 and died on May 19, 1971, in
Oberursel. ==References==