The Romantic era of Western Classical music spanned the 19th century to the early 20th century, encompassing a variety of musical styles and techniques. Part of the broader Romanticism movement of Europe, Ludwig van Beethoven, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Gaspare Spontini, Niccolò Paganini, Gioachino Rossini and Franz Schubert are often seen as the dominant transitional figures composers from the preceding Classical era. Many composers began to channel nationalistic themes, such as Mikhail Glinka, The Five and Belyayev circle in Russia; Frédéric Chopin in Poland; Carl Maria von Weber and Heinrich Marschner in Germany; Edvard Grieg in Norway; Jean Sibelius in Finland; Giuseppe Verdi in Italy; Niels Gade and Carl Nielsen in Denmark; Pablo de Sarasate, Isaac Albéniz and Enrique Granados in Spain; Frederick Delius and Edward Elgar in England; Stephen Foster, Edward MacDowell and Horatio Parker in the United States; Mykola Lysenko in Ukraine; and Bedřich Smetana and Antonín Dvořák in what is now the Czech Republic.