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Villa Borghese gardens

Villa Borghese is a landscape garden in Rome, containing a number of buildings, museums and attractions. It is the third-largest public park in Rome, after the ones of the Villa Doria Pamphili and Villa Ada. The gardens were developed for the Villa Borghese Pinciana, built by the architect Flaminio Ponzio, developing sketches by Scipione Borghese, who used it as a villa suburbana, or party villa, at the edge of Rome, and to house his art collection. The gardens as they are now were remade in the late 19th century.

History
In 1605 Cardinal Scipione Borghese, nephew of Pope Paul V and patron of Bernini, began turning this former vineyard into the most extensive gardens built in Rome since Antiquity. The vineyard's site is identified with the gardens of Lucullus, the most famous in the late Roman republic. Domenico Savino da Montepulciano was responsible for the layout of the gardens. The Borghese Balustrade was crafted by G di Gincome and P. Massoni in 1618 for the south forecourt of the Casino Nobile. At the center opening there were two stone statues on top and fountains with shell-shaped basins below. The statues were a later addition from 1715 by Claude-Augustin Cayot. In 1882, President Chester A. Arthur appointed William Waldorf Astor Minister to Italy, a post he held until 1885. While living in Rome, Astor developed a lifelong passion for art and sculpture. In 1896, he purchased the balustrade and had it installed at his English estate Cliveden. It is a Grade II Listed Building. In 2004, a colony of small Mediterranean land snails of the species Papillifera bidens was discovered living on the Borghese Balustrade. Presumably, this species, new to the English fauna, was accidentally imported along with the balustrade in the late 19th century and managed to survive the intervening winters to the present day. (19th century) In the 18th century Marcantonio Borghese, 5th Prince of Sulmona transformed the villa's gardens from a formal garden architecture into an English landscape garden. Architect Antonio Asprucci and his son Mario worked on landscaping the villa's gardens, from 1782 for over twenty years. They placed statues around the park and started the construction of the Garden of the Lake and Piazza di Siena. They built the Temple of Aesculapius in the ionic style in the center of the lake between 1785 and 1792. The Sea Horse Fountain was executed by Vincenzo Pacetti in 1791, based on a design by Christopher Unterberger. The Fountain of Venus was probably designed by Giovanni Vasanzio. Marcantonio's sons, Camillo and Francesco Borghese expanded the park further. The Villa Borghese gardens were long informally open, but was bought by the commune of Rome and given to the public in 1903. The first horse show was held at the Piazza di Siena in 1922. The Piazza di Siena hosted the equestrian dressage, individual jumping, and the jumping part of the eventing competition for the 1960 Summer Olympics. ==Villas in the gardens==
Villas in the gardens
• Today the Galleria Borghese is housed in the Villa Borghese itself. The garden Casino Borghese, built on a rise above the Villa by the architect Giovanni Vasanzio, was set up by Camillo Borghese to contain sculptures by Bernini from the Borghese collection, including his David and his Daphne, and paintings by Titian, Raphael and Caravaggio • The Villa Giulia adjoining the Villa Borghese gardens was built in 1551 – 1555 as a summer residence for Pope Julius III; now it contains the Etruscan Museum (Museo Etrusco). • The Villa Medici houses the French Academy in Rome, and the Fortezzuola a Gothic garden structure that houses a collection memorializing the academic modern sculptor Pietro Canonica. In the 1650s, Diego Velázquez painted several depictions of this Villa's garden casino festively illuminated at night. Before electricity, such torchlit illuminations carried an excitement hard to conceive today. • Other villas scattered through the Villa Borghese gardens are remains of a world exposition in Rome in 1911. • The located in its grounds has a collection of 19th- and 20th-century paintings emphasizing Italian artists. • Architecturally the most notable of the 1911 exposition pavilions is the English pavilion designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens (who later designed New Delhi), now housing the British School at Rome. == Gardens ==
Gardens
Giardino del Lago :The accesses to the garden are in via Madama Letizia and in viale Pietro Canonica. This is an English garden, transformed by Piano dei Licini by Marcantonio IV Borghese at the end of the 18th century into a fashionable garden. Together with the Aspruccis as directors of the works, people like Jacob More alternated between gardeners and artists. Characteristic is the lake in which the Temple of Aesculapius is reflected. :The first historical sources attesting to the works on the Piano dei Licini date back to 1784, works which ended in 1790 with Mario Asprucci as director. In addition to the aforementioned temple of Aesculapius, the temple of Antoninus and Faustina and the temple of Diana were inserted, all in neoclassical style, works immersed in an English garden style garden, although the presence of straight paths and the use of classical furnishings were quite far from the fashionable gardens of the time in France and England. Very little remains of these furnishings: in addition to the three temples, the sarcophagus of Phaethon, a column, some ollas and a statue. But contemporary citations suggest the area was dotted with statues. The most recent statuary group is the bronze one with satyrs playing with their little one, from 1929. • Piazzale Scipione Borghese Garden or Rear Garden of Casino Nobile :Originally there was the Narcissus fountain surrounded by ancient statues, furnishings and four herms perhaps by Pietro Bernini and Gian Lorenzo Bernini. The garden, as we see it today, is a twentieth-century development with the replacement of the previous fountain with that of Venus surrounded by a classical garden. • Giardini Segreti (Secret Gardens) :They are located in Viale dell'Uccelliera, on the border between the first and second enclosures. :Originally they were located on both sides of the Casino Nobile. • Parco dei Daini :It is located in via P. Raimondi. The garden was a reserve of the prince and was surrounded by some herms by Pietro and Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Attached to the border wall there was the "Perspective of the Theatre", from 1615, with relief decorations. The name derives from the fact that in the park, until the end of the Nineteenth century, there were fallow deer and gazelles. :On the edge of the Parco dei Daini, on the corner between via Pinciana and via Pietro Raimondi, is located the "Villa Umberto Barracks", headquarters of the mounted squad of the Polizia di Stato. • Valle dei Platani : It is located in Largo P. Picasso. It has remained more or less unchanged since the 17th century and is also known by the name of "Valle dei cani" ("Valley of the dogs"), because it is used as a play area for dogs. It consists, among other things, of platani planted by Cardinal Scipione. == Museums ==
Museums
Numerous museums are located inside or near the park: • The Galleria Borghese • The Museo Canonica • The Museo Carlo Bilotti • The Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna • The National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia • The Museo Civico di Zoologia Furthermore, the park hosts the Casa del cinema, the Casina di Raffaello and the Gigi Proietti Globe Theatre. ==Other points of interest==
Other points of interest
• The garden contains a replica of the Shakespeare's Globe Theatre built in 2003. • Beside the 1911 Exposition's villas, there is the Exposition's Zoo, recently redesigned, with minimal caging, as the Bioparco, and the Zoological Museum (Museo di Zoologia). Nearby is the Casina di Raffaello playroom, which has crafts and reading rooms, and a space where children can dress up in royal outfits. • In 1873 a hydrochronometer on the 1867 design of Gian Battista Embriaco, O.P. inventor and professor of the Roman College of St. Thomas was built in the gardens in emulation of the one at the College of St. Thomas. Another version stands in the gardens of the Pincian Hill. Embriaco had presented two prototypes of his invention at the Paris Universal Exposition in 1867 where it won prizes and great acclaim. == Flora ==
Flora
Below is the list of the main trees of Villa Borghese: And here is the list of herbaceous plants of Villa Borghese: == Fauna ==
Fauna
Avifauna located throughout the villa: Birdlife located in the small artificial lake: Ichthyofauna: Mammals: Reptiles: Finally, among the xylophagous insects, it is worth mentioning the great capricorn beetle (Cerambyx cerdo) visible in late spring towards sunset on the tree trunks. ==In popular culture==
In popular culture
• The Villa's gardens feature in one of Ottorino Respighi's tone poems on the Pines of Rome. • The gardens are the setting of chapters 8–11 of Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Marble Faun. • The Villa's gardens are featured in ''The Driver's Seat'', a film adaptation of Muriel Spark's novel of the same name. • The Villa is referenced by Phil Collins in his 1996 song, "Lorenzo". • The gardens are featured in the "Rome Avanti" course in the video games Mario Kart Tour and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe. • The Villa is mentioned in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s 1864 novel Notes from Underground. ==Gallery==
Gallery
Image:Villa Borghese Park - Alpinetroops monument.jpg|Alpini monument Image:Artemvb.jpg|Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna Image:TeatroaVilla Borghese2.JPG|The Gigi Proietti Globe Theatre Silvano Toti File:Goethe-Denkmal.jpg|Monument to Goethe Image:Villa Borghese Gardens 1 (5895905875).jpg|View of the park Image:Autunno sulla terrazza di Parco dei Daini.jpg|Autumn on the terrace of the Parco dei Daini Image:Domenica di febbraio a Villa Borghese P1000070.JPG|Villa Borghese in winter Image:Villa Borghese 13.jpg|The Temple of Diana Image:Villa Borghese, Padiglione dell` Uccelliera, 1984.jpg|Padiglione dell’Uccelliera in 1984 Image:Villa Borghese 64.jpg|View of Rome from the Villa ==Transport Links==
Transport Links
Flaminio and Spagna metro stations • It can be reached from the Flaminio terminus of the tram • It can be reached from the Valle Giulia terminus and from the Galleria Arte Moderna, Aldrovandi and Bioparco stops of the tram • Villa Giulia Museo Etrusco – Bioparco – Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna – Aldrovandi stops of the tramFlaminio railway station ==See also==
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