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Deportations of U.S. citizens in the second Trump administration

During the second presidency of Donald Trump, federal immigration enforcement policies and operations have resulted in the documented arrest, death, detention, and removal of American citizens. As of October 2025, the U.S. government was not tracking the number of detained or missing citizens, but ProPublica confirmed at least 170 citizen detentions by that time. The deportation of U.S. citizens from the United States is illegal.

Background
ICE history of deporting or detaining citizens estimated that 1% of all ICE detainees are U.S. citizens, based on pre-Trump presidents, but that the rates will increase under Trump's immigrant deportation program. The American Immigration Lawyers Association states that ICE and CBP have a documented history of racism and racial profiling among their rank and file. On August 13, 2025, Homan claimed, "President Trump doesn't have a limitation on his authority to make this country safe. There's no limitation." Stephen Miller , Trump's Homeland Security Advisor, was cited by the Cato Institute as responsible for a three-fold increase in the targeting of Hispanic Americans for detention by ICE. The Cato Institute stated that there was a three-fold increase in the targeting of Hispanic Americans by ICE officials after Miller instructed the agency to stop "develop[ing] target lists of immigrants" and instead "go out on the street" to immediately detain people at "Home Depots or 7-Elevens". Prior to the second Trump administration, some academic studies attempted to count the number of unlawful detention and deportations of American citizens that had previously occurred; one study estimated that from 2003 to 2011 more than 20,000 Americans were incorrectly detained or deported by immigration officials. Beginning with his second presidential administration, Trump pushed for mass deportations along with reducing safeguards to stop inappropriate detentions and deportations. This process resulted in American citizens becoming entangled in enforcement efforts. Although the U.S. government cannot legally deport U.S. citizens, Secretary of State Marco Rubio said that the administration would study whether the U.S. Constitution and laws would enable the administration to do so. Rubio called the offer "very generous", noting that it was the first time another country had made such an offer, and that it would cost a fraction of imprisoning criminals in the U.S. prison system. Trump said that he was looking into whether he could move forward with the offer, telling reporters, "if we had a legal right to do it, I would do it in a heartbeat." Trump also stated that he was not sure whether that legal right existed, and that the administration was assessing it. Trump said the cost of incarcerating American prisoners in other countries would be much less than that of imprisoning people in the U.S., and in addition, "it would be a great deterrent." Ahead of Bukele's White House visit in April 2025, Trump confirmed that they would discuss sending Americans to El Salvador's prisons and stated, "if they can house these horrible criminals for a lot less money than it costs us, I'm all for it." During the visit, Trump and Bukele discussed the deportation of Kilmar Abrego Garcia, which courts and news outlets described as illegal. In this context, Trump was quoted as advocating for the deportation of U.S. citizens, telling Bukele: "Home-growns are next. The home-growns. You gotta build about five more places. It's not big enough." Proposals to denaturalize citizens Besides researching whether the Trump administration could send American citizens to foreign prisons, the Trump administration also was looking into stripping citizenship away and deporting certain citizens through the denaturalization process as reported in July 2025. The Department of Justice wrote in a memorandum that the civil division is going to "prioritize and maximally pursue denaturalization proceedings in all cases permitted by law and supported by the evidence." In July 2025, President Trump threatened to denaturalize comedian and long-standing critic Rosie O'Donnell, who was born in New York state and holds dual United States and Irish citizenship. In December 2025, it was reported that USCIS guidance, issued the same month, said that the Office of Immigration Litigation be supplied with "100–200 denaturalization cases per month" in the 2026 fiscal year. Previously, from 2017–2025, "just over 120 cases" had been filed. Immigrants may be denaturalized under federal law only if they have committed fraud while applying for citizenship. In most cases they would be granted legal permanent residence. In 2025, the Justice Department brought thirteen such cases and won eight of them. ==Deaths==
Deaths
Renée Good Ruben Ray Martinez On March 15, 2025, San Antonio resident Martinez, 23, and his friend went to South Padre Island, Texas on a spring break trip. Officers from HSI were assisting local police in directing traffic after an accident. ICE documents claimed Martinez did not initially respond to commands to stop, then accelerated forward, hitting an agent. Another agent, later identified as Jack C. Stevens, after being struck and damaging the driver-side mirror, fired three shots through the open driver's side window, killing Martinez. Lawyers for Martinez's family say that eyewitness accounts were not consistent with the government's report, and Martinez's mother said a Texas Rangers investigator told her there was video of the shooting that contradicted the federal account. Although local sources reported on the shooting in March 2025 shortly after it occurred, ICE's involvement was not disclosed until internal documents were obtained as part of a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit by the watchdog group American Oversight in February 2026. Days after the shooting was disclosed, Martinez's friend Joshua Orta, the only passenger in the car with Martinez and only known eyewitness of the shooting, was killed in an unrelated highway collision in San Antonio. Orta had disputed the official narrative given by the DHS of the incident and had planned to assist with further inquiries into the shooting. Orta stated that Martinez drank several shots and a beer and smoked marijuana. Autopsy reports indicate that Martinez exceeded the legal alcohol limit to drive. The Texas Department of Public Safety released body camera and surveillance videos of the incident in March 2026. The videos showed what the New York Times described as "a chaotic and confusing scene" that omitted the time of the shooting. While government spokespeople cited the grand jury decision, attorneys representing Martinez's mother claimed the newly-released evidence showed "no justification" for the shooting and pledged to continue their "pursuit of full transparency." Alex Pretti ==Deportations and removals==
Deportations and removals
said deportation of a U.S. citizen is "illegal and unconstitutional" and that he had a "strong suspicion that the Government just deported a U.S. citizen with no meaningful process." Several U.S. citizens, including immigration lawyers, received notices from the federal government instructing them to "self-deport". Even in cases in which migrants choose to use the CBP Home App in an attempt to self-deport, evidence shows that many are never contacted by the U.S. government, which promises them a safe return to country of origin. ProPublica reports that more than a dozen Venezuelans used the app as told, signed up, and were even given departure dates that subsequently came and went without notice. Concerns have been raised that the app may be useless in such instances where the State Department does not have the ability to acquire documents and obtain safe passage to locations that are politically fraught or dangerous. 2-year-old child A 2-year-old US citizen was deported to Honduras with her mother, Jenny Carolina Lopez-Villela, Lopez-Villela and V.M.L.'s sister came to the United States in September 2019 to seek asylum after the attempted kidnapping of Janelle. They awaited court hearing in Mexico under the Migrant Protection Protocols. They attended two hearings before they were forced to return to Honduras in November 2019 to avoid dangerous conditions in Matamoros. While they were in Honduras, an immigration court ordered them removed in absentia in March 2020, and they were never informed of this. They returned to the Mexican side of the US border in March 2021 to seek asylum but, while waiting to get in, they were detained in Nuevo Laredo. They eventually entered the US in August 2021, being released to the custody of Janelle's father in Louisiana and instructed to attend regular ICE check ins, which they did. During this time, V.M.L. was born in 2023. In February 2025, Lopez-Villela was placed in the "Intensive Supervision Appearance Program". On April 22, 2025, they went to the ISAP appointment and were detained. According to court filings, the three were taken to a hotel in Alexandria, three hours away, and were told they were to be deported the next day. Lopez-Villela was then allowed to talk to V.M.L.'s father for less than a minute on an ICE officer's phone with the ICE officer present. V.M.L.'s father was told that V.M.L. would be deported, to which he objected since she was a US-born citizen. He tried to read out a lawyer's phone number, but the ICE officer hung up. According to the court filing, she was not allowed to arrange for V.M.L.'s care. An attorney working for V.M.L.'s family attempted to set up a call for the family and delivered a mandate delegating custody of V.M.L. to another family member living in the United States. ICE refused to set up the call or provide information and their location. His lawyer called immigration officials and informed them that V.M.L. is a US citizen and could not be deported. The lawyer repeatedly attempted to set up a phone call with Lopez-Villela and between V.M.L.'s parents but this was reportedly refused. On April 24, V.M.L's father and their lawyer finally found out where the three were in a phone call with DOJ's Office of Immigration Litigation (OIL), but OIL refused to hand V.M.L. over to anyone other than her father. Judge Doughty ordered a hearing on the matter for May 16, 2025. Referring to the deportation of V.M.L. and two other young children who are American citizens, the executive director of ACLU of Louisiana said, "Once again, the government has used deceptive tactics to deny people their rights. [...] They must be returned." In May 2025, the family of V.M.L. voluntarily dismissed its lawsuit against the Trump administration "to give themselves space and time to consider all the options that are available to them." Four-year-old cancer patient and 7-year-old sibling Two American citizens, a 7-year-old girl (identified as A.A.Z.M. in court documents) and her 4-year-old brother "Romeo", were sent to Honduras along with their mother, a Honduran national, on April 25, 2025. Romeo has stage 4 cancer. Reachel Alexas Morales-Valle, now the mother of Romeo and A.A.Z.M., crossed into the United States in 2013 at the age of 13 and requested asylum at the border. Following a February 2025 traffic stop, she was detained by ICE and placed in the ISAP supervision program, which prompted her to hire an immigration attorney. After hiring an attorney, she discovered that she had been issued an in absentia order of removal in 2015. She attended all of her ISAP appointments and met all requirements. While trying to reschedule an appointment, she was told to bring her American children and their passports to an appointment the next day in Saint Rose, Louisiana. According to an attorney for the family, Morales-Valle was told that the purpose of the check in was to photocopy the children's passports, and the children wore their school uniforms, expecting to return to school once the appointment was over. The three of them were separated from their lawyer and then detained. The attorneys were in the midst of preparing habeas corpus petitions for the children, but the children were deported before the attorneys could file them. The 4-year-old had his cancer medication with him, but was not permitted to access it in detention, and was not allowed to bring the medication with him when he was deported. Secretary of State Marco Rubio denied that the children had been deported, instead saying that they "went with their mothers", and that because they are citizens, they could return to the U.S. if the families arranged for someone in the U.S. to care for them. They sued for declaratory relief, Administrative Procedure Act relief, injunctive relief, and monetary damages for the violation of their rights. Ten-year-old child with brain cancer and four siblings A 10-year-old girl with brain cancer, who is an American citizen, was deported with her parents and four siblings to Mexico after being stopped at an immigration checkpoint while on the way to an emergency medical appointment on February 4, 2025. The eldest child, aged 15, also has a heart condition called Long QT Syndrome. Four of the five children were born in the US. Génesis Ester Gutiérrez Castellanos 5-year-old U.S. citizen Génesis Ester Gutiérrez Castellanos, of Austin, Texas, was deported to Honduras alongside her mother on January 11, 2026. ICE agents were acting on a deportation order issued in 2019, a year before Gutiérrez Castellanos was born in 2020. Brian Morales / Bryan Jose Morales-Garcia According to Univision journalist Lidia Terrazas, Brian Morales—a U.S. citizen who was born in Denver, Colorado, and raised in Mexico—was deported to Mexico on April 7, 2026, after a traffic stop by United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agents. Terrazas's report, made after contacting Morales, claims that Morales originally entered the U.S. legally with his birth certificate, was threatened by agents with deportation or prison time for fraud, and was ignored when claiming that he had proof of citizenship at home. Morales also told Terrazas that he was pressured into telling officers "what they wanted to hear" and signing voluntary removal papers out of fear of being imprisoned, which he was worried would prevent him from seeing his daughter. Morales also stated that his boss—also a U.S. citizen—was detained by United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement. A spokesperson for the United States Department of Homeland Security denied the citizenship status of Morales, whose name they claim to be Bryan Jose Morales-Garcia, alleging that he was confirmed to be in the U.S. illegally after record checks by United States Border Patrol agents. The spokesperson also alleged that Morales-Garcia admitted to being a Mexican national and entering the U.S. illegally. ==Detentions==
Targeted demographics
Hispanic and Latino ICE and the Federal government have been accused of specifically targeting Hispanic and Latino members of society, regardless of their citizenship or immigration status. Numerous Latino and Hispanic citizens of the United States have been detained for up to ten days as of July 9, 2025. In September 2025, the Supreme Court ruled that immigration agents have the power to detain individuals based on race, spoken language, or accent. 90% of targeted individuals were confirmed to be of Latin American heritage directly from analysis of data obtained from ICE officials. In another case, eight Native Americans were detained for two hours after their workplace was raided. Their phones were confiscated, and one Navajo woman reported that she was not able to provide proof of citizenship until her phone was returned and she was able to text family, one of whom sent a copy of the woman's CDIB. Enough Navajos have been stopped by immigration authorities that the nation created a guide with tips about what to do if stopped, encouraging people to always carry identification and that families alert their children about what to do, including having them memorize their Social Security numbers. Other tribes have also issued tips and warnings, and Native News Online published an article, "Native Americans and Immigration Enforcement–Know Your Rights." Navajo Arizona state senator Theresa Hatathlie suggested that tribes contact DHS to share what their travel enrollment card and CDIB look like. Despite their citizenship, ICE raids detained and arrested Puerto Ricans under the second Trump administration in multiple incidents. In one, a U.S. military veteran from Puerto Rico was detained on January 23, 2025, after an ICE raid at a seafood warehouse in Newark, New Jersey. The veteran worked there as a warehouse manager. The co-owner of the business said that ICE appeared to be targeting people who look Hispanic, In another incident, three members of a Puerto Rican family were taken to a detention center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on January 27, 2025, after an immigration officer heard one of them speaking Spanish. They were released prior to processing when they provided documentation. The detentions led to a significant upswing in passport requests from Puerto Ricans to provide documentation to satisfy immigration officers. ==Responses by U.S. officials==
Responses by U.S. officials
Democratic Party In response to early reports of American citizens being detained, two Democrats on the House Judiciary Committee, Jamie Raskin (the ranking member on the committee) and Pramila Jayapal (the ranking member on the immigration subcommittee), wrote Kristi Noem, the DHS secretary, and Caleb Vitello, the acting director of ICE enforcement, asking them to provide information about citizen detention. The February letter noted that ICE does not have authority to detain citizens, and stressed the importance of keeping "the escalating government assault on immigrants from becoming a steamroller that crushes the rights of American citizens." Democratic Party U.S. House member Pramila Jayapal on July 16, 2025, introduced to Congress the "Stop ICE from Kidnapping U.S. Citizens Act", which would bar ICE from detaining or deporting U.S. citizens. The bill would also apply penalties to ICE for illegal detention of American citizens, but was seen as unlikely to become law under a Republican-controlled Congress and with Donald Trump as president. Democratic House member Ted Lieu stated it was "batshit crazy" that laws needed to be introduced to prevent ICE from deporting U.S. citizens. Republican Party United States conservatives and Republican Party members gave conflicting and contradictory statements on the detentions of American citizens, either endorsing, confirming or denying the practice. Tricia McLaughlin of the Department of Homeland Security claimed reports of citizens being arrested were false and used to "demonize ICE agents", denying any detention of U.S. citizens. Meanwhile, Trump's border czar Tom Homan confirmed citizens were being detained and arrested by ICE. In May 2025, Republicans blocked a measure in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act that would have stopped ICE from detaining or deporting U.S. citizens. Troy Nehls Republican House member Troy Nehls accused media and the public of overstating the crisis of citizens being detained by ICE. Nehls stated American citizens should carry documentation to prove citizenship, saying "Well, maybe people can't prove that they're American citizens, either, have the documentation." Ralph Norman Republican House member Ralph Norman stated that he was not concerned with the matter of American citizens being detained by ICE and disputed to journalists that it has happened. Tommy Tuberville Republican Senator Tommy Tuberville stated that U.S. citizens detained by ICE were at fault, saying mistakes are going to happen, and that citizens being arrested was a consequence of associating with non-citizens. Tuberville further stated, "Don't hang around illegals." ==Responses by other parties==
Responses by other parties
American Civil Liberties Union The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), among other cases, filed a lawsuit against the Trump administration in Los Angeles over the matter of U.S. citizens being detained and assaulted by ICE agents. Among the court findings that were noted included: ==See also==
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