• In
quality control,
PDCA (Plan–Do–Check–Act) is used. • In
science, the
scientific method (Observation–Hypothesis–Experiment–Evaluation) can also be seen as a decision cycle. • In the
lean startup methodology, the
Build-Measure-Learn loop is used to guide product development. • In
management,
Herbert A. Simon proposed a decision cycle of three steps (Intelligence–Design–Choice). Much later, other scholars expanded his framework to five steps (Intelligence–Design–Choice–Implementation–Learning). • In
design thinking, the
design process is often conceived as a decision cycle (or
design cycle), such as Robert McKim's ETC (Express–Test–Cycle). • In the
Getting Things Done time management method, workflow consists of a cycle of five stages (Collect–Process–Organize–Do–Review). • In the
nursing process, the ADPIE (Assessment–Diagnosis–Planning–Implementation–Evaluation) process is used. Alternatively, the ASPIRE (Assessment–Systematic Nursing Diagnosis–Planning–Implementation–Recheck–Evaluation) model includes an additional stage—Recheck—in between Implementation and Evaluation. • In
psychotherapy, the
transtheoretical model posits five stages of intentional change (Precontemplation–Contemplation–Preparation–Action–Maintenance). These stages were initially conceived as linear, but
John C. Norcross said that for many people the stages are more appropriately viewed as a cycle (Psych–Prep–Perspire–Persist–Relapse). • In
USAID, the use of a program cycle, "codified in the Automated Directive Systems (ADS) 201, is USAID's operational model for planning, delivering, assessing, and adapting development programming in a given region or country to achieve more effective and sustainable results in order to advance U.S. foreign policy". Relatedly, within the agency there exists resources regarding adaptive management decision cycles. ==See also==