Orthogonal defect classification (ODC) turns semantic information in the software defect stream into a measurement on the process. The ideas were developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Ram Chillarege at IBM Research. This has led to the development of new analytical methods used for software development and test process analysis. ODC is process model, language and domain independent. Applications of ODC have been reported by several corporations on a variety of platforms and development processes, ranging from waterfall, spiral, gated, and agile development processes. One of the popular applications of ODC is software root cause analysis.