China (mainland) The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China Article 1048 stipulated that persons who are lineal relatives by blood, or collateral relatives by blood up to the third degree of kinship are prohibited from being married. According to the official explanation, the calculation of degree of consanguinity in China is similar to
Roman civil law with some difference. Aforementioned "collateral relatives by blood up to the third degree of kinship" include: • full and half siblings • uncles and niece; aunt and nephew • first cousins (which is counted as fourth degree of kinship in Roman civil law tradition) In Imperial China (221 BCE to 1912), marriage between first cousins was partially allowed. Marrying the child of one’s paternal aunt, maternal uncle, or maternal aunt was generally accepted in Chinese history during most of China’s dynastic era. However, among other exceptions, marrying the child of your paternal uncle was strictly prohibited, as such a marriage was seen as one between siblings as each of the couple bore the same family name.
Medieval canon law Roman civil law prohibited marriages within four degrees of consanguinity. This was calculated by counting up from one prospective partner to the common ancestor, then down to the other prospective partner. The first prohibited degree of consanguinity was a parent-child relationship while a second degree would be a sibling relationship. A third degree would be an uncle/aunt with a niece/nephew while fourth degree was between first cousins. The method of calculation was also changed to simply count the number of generations back to the common ancestor. This meant that marriage to anyone up to and including a sixth cousin was prohibited. The
Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 decreed a change from seven prohibited degrees back to four (but retaining the same method of calculating; counting back to the common ancestor).
Australia In
Australia, the
Marriage Act 1961 prohibits a marriage to a direct ancestor or descendant or sibling (whether full sibling or
half sibling), including those arising from a legal adoption. Such marriages are void.
England, Wales and the Anglican Communion The
1662 Book of Common Prayer of the
Church of England, long used in various forms through a broad swathe of Anglicanism, included a
Table of Kindred and Affinity listing the prohibited degrees of kinship within which one could not marry due to
consanguinity or marital affinity. The list was enacted by the
Marriage Act 1949 which with significant changes continues to apply in England and Wales. The list was cut back by the
Marriage (Prohibited Degrees of Relationship) Act 1986, by deleting from the list prohibitions based on
affinity relationships, and added to in other respects. Marriages that continue to be prohibited in England and Wales by the 1949 Act are as follows: The
Children Act 1975 added the following prohibitions: The
Marriage Act 1949 also prohibited marriage to the following
affinity relations, but these were repealed by the
Marriage (Prohibited Degrees of Relationship) Act 1986: accepted the ruling of the European Court of Human Rights and removed the ban on marriage with a former mother-in-law/daughter-in-law.
South Africa In South Africa, sexual relations are prohibited within the first degree of
affinity, that is, where one person is the direct ancestor or descendant of the spouse of the other person.
Taiwan Article 983 of the Civil Code stipulates that a person may not marry any of the following relatives: (1) A lineal relative by blood or by marriage; (2) A collateral relative by blood is within the sixth degree of relationship. The limit to marriage shall not be applicable to persons of lineal relative within the fourth degree of relationship and collateral relative within the sixth degree of relationship by adoption. (3) A collateral relative by marriage is within the fifth degree of relationship of a different rank. The marriage prohibitions between relatives by marriage provided in the preceding paragraph shall continue to apply even after the dissolution of the marriage which has created the relationship. The limit to marriage with the lineal relative by blood or by marriage set forth in the first paragraph hereof shall be applicable to persons of lineal relative by adoption after ending of the adoption relationship. The Judicial Yuan Interpretation No.32 and No. 91 allows marriage between siblings by adoption when the
adoption was intended for the marriage. When the interpretation was made, it was not uncommon for parents to adopt a child so that their own child can marry the adopted child when both children have grown up. Article 968 and 970 of the Civil Code states that "the degree of relationship by blood between a person and his lineal relative by blood shall be determined by counting the number of generations upwards or downwards from himself [as the case may be], one generation being taken as one degree. As between the person and his collateral relative, the degree of relationship shall be determined by the total number of generations counting upwards from himself to the common lineal ancestor and then from such common ancestor downwards to the relative by blood with whom the degree of relationship is to be determined." The line and degree of relationship between relatives by marriage shall be determined as follows: (1) In regard to the spouse of a relative by blood, by the line and degree of relationship of the person who is married to the said spouse; (2) In regard to a relative by blood of a spouse, by the line and the degree of relationship between such relative by blood and the said spouse; (3) In regard to the person who is married to the relative by blood of his spouse, by the line and the degree of relationship between such person and the said spouse. In short, a person can be considered as being "merged" with their spouse when counting degree of relationship.
United States Thirty U.S. states prohibit most or all marriage between first cousins. Six states prohibit marriages between first cousins once removed. Some states that prohibit cousin marriage recognize cousin marriages performed in other states.
Russia As of 2023, no formal federal law in the Russian Federation imposed any penalty for marriages between close relatives; however, in practice, it is hard, if not impossible, to get into such a marriage. Article 14 of the
Family Code of the Russian Federation stipulates that marriages between close relatives (determined by a direct bloodline) are prohibited, but no penalty is specified. In modern Russia, it is also uncommon for first cousins to marry each other. The exact rules depend on the traditions of the
concrete regions and may vary despite a formally written law. In legal practice as of 2022, at least in one case, the Russian Supreme Court nullified a marriage between a father and daughter. Since the 13th century, a ban on marriages between close relatives has been formalized by the
Russian Orthodox Church in the
nomocanon, referred to as
Kormchaia. Kormchaia stipulated written rules on how to determine which marriages were invalid. Generally, all marriages that resulted in crossing bloodlines were prohibited. In terms of sexual relationships and intercourse in rural Russia, the practice of
Snokhachestvo was widespread in the 16th and 18th centuries. Over time, it gradually waned because families became more
nuclear. Kormchaia was used up until 1810, when the
Most Holy Synod issued a circular that temporarily liberalized rules. In practice, such rules were enforced loosely, if at all, and were easy to circumvent. The
old believers didn't follow them either. Peasants often weren't educated enough to identify their relationships with others, so they married their relatives. ==Jury service==