The cave is mostly
limestone, which was laid in the late
Mississippian Period when most of Kentucky was under a shallow warm sea. There are also large deposits of
calcite. Fresh water dissolves the limestone, and then deposits the mineral as the water itself loses its acidic nature. Other
speleothems (formations) which can be viewed at Diamond Caverns include: Soda Straws,
Stalactite, Columns,
Flowstone, Drapery/Bacon Strip, and
Cave Pearl.
Chemical process Calcite deposition is caused mainly by degassing. The amount of carbon dioxide in the groundwater entering the cave entrance is almost 250 times that of the air. Calcite cannot persist without carbon dioxide, and chemical reactions are reversing. Ca+2 +2() (in solution) → Calcite is then deposited. Calcite is known by various names depending on the shape it acquires. The calcite in the Diamond Caverns is known as
Travertine. Dripstone is a phrase used by cavers to describe any cave décor created by water dripping, splashing, or seeping.
Cave origin • The Pole Canyon Limestone, which comprises
Lehman Caves, was formed. This rock stratum began as limestone around 550 million years ago near the equator in a sea. This limestone layer was frequently buried and uncovered, and the rock layers eventually moved north to their current site. The rock was subjected to heat and pressure during the Basin and Range province formation, resulting in a low-grade marble. The force produced fissures in the granite during the mountain-building process. • Warm acidic water from below (hypogenic) dissolved corridors and rooms through holes in the rock. The result was cavities in the rock. This breakdown occurred near the water table's top edge. • The prior phase is sometimes referred to as the "hollowing out phase," whereas the third phase is sometimes referred to as the "filling in phase." As the water table lowered, part of the marble above the cave was dissolved away as surface water percolated through soil and organic detritus and became mildly acidic. When calcite-rich water reaches the air-filled channels, it forms a variety of speleothems. • The "filling in phase" very recently discovered this final phase. Many of the speleothems in Lehman Caves appear to have been eaten away as you go through them. The formation of speleothems is due to high carbon dioxide air during certain seasons, which dissolves speleothems and marble. As the climate became drier, this process may have only begun in the last ten thousand years. == Ecology ==