Disney's Animated Storybook

Background and Walt Disney Computer Software (1988–1994) Video games based on the Walt Disney Company's properties have been released since Mickey Mouse for Nintendo's Game & Watch in 1981. Disney licensed out its properties and established partnerships with developers and publishers such as Nintendo, Sega, Capcom, Square, and Sierra, who used the characters in games. The earliest of these resembled arcade-style "cause and effect" games that featured Disney characters. Later, licensors began to create more sophisticated adventure games that comprised different environments, interaction with characters, unlocking secrets, and overcoming obstacles. Instead of creating new narratives, the developers of these games based them on stories presented in other media; early examples include Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood (1985) and The Black Cauldron (1986). In the latter, designer Al Lowe had access to Disney's original musical score, hand-painted backgrounds, and animation cels, which allowed for more advanced graphics when compared to previous games. In 1988, Walt Disney Computer Software (WDCS), Disney's in-house game development studio, was founded so Disney could enter the software market. Because Disney did not want to handle the menial programming and expensive publishing of games on its own and instead wanted to collect profits from developers, Over the next few years, Disney built a routine of releasing tie-in games shortly after film releases. Roy Disney was unhappy with the quality of a third-party Fantasia game he was overseeing and shut down production; In 1991, low sales figures coupled with developers charging license fees and Disney shutting down low-quality games during development meant the company was to be turned into a joint partnership with outside software houses. Disney executives discussed if they should "shift all game development in-house while tripling the number of people working in the division", or "in six weeks cut the whole team", but a final decision was reserved until 1994. The Living Books became popular and encouraged other developers to follow suit and copy the formula. Disney Interactive was one of several interactive divisions of film studios sprouting at the time, including Universal Interactive Studios, Turner Interactive, Fox Interactive, Sony Imagesoft, and Imagination Pilots (MGM). Disney wanted to "add to the Lion King synergy of book, products, video, theme park units and recording sales" by making an animated storybook available by the 1994 Christmas shopping season. For The Lion King Animated Storybook, the written text of the game is excerpted from Disney Publishing Group's The Lion King storybook, which reproduces the film's narrative in a truncated version. The Lion King Animated Storybook was later accompanied by a CD-ROM, The Lion King Activity Center, in 1995, which started a trend that continued throughout the series. Pixar developed both Toy Story Animated Storybook and Toy Story Activity Center simultaneously in 1996, while the Winnie the Pooh in the Honey Tree Animated Storybook would be met with a companion, Winnie the Pooh Activity Center, in 2000. The Lion King Animated Storybook became Disney Interactive's second release on the Macintosh after the Aladdin Activity Center. Media Station employee Newton Lee became one of the lead software and title engineers for The Lion King Animated Storybook. As he recalled in the book Disney Stories: Getting to Digital, "Media Station used a number of 'proprietary strategic software technologies' that made it easier for the developer to create large animation multimedia and the user to play it back, impossible until that time". A playback engine was created to provide high quality playback from a CD-ROM of large animations. The software improved performance of playback in Windows by reducing the amount of data that was required", arguing that it was necessary because "unlike other interactive storybook developers who used a palette of 256 colors throughout the entire title, Media Station used 256 colors per screen; this resulted in very large animation files". which allowed production for a ''Disney's Animated Storybook'' game to be between three and six months. The release of the computer game was affected by bad publicity; many customers found that the game ran poorly, if at all, on their computers; dozens of messages appeared in Disney's public bulletin board on America Online. Families became especially disgruntled because Disney's technical support team were unavailable. On the morning of December 25, Disney's customer service was flooded with calls. In The Wall Street Journal article "A jungle out there", Rose and Turner argued that "Disney had had final responsibility for quality control of the animated storybook" and that they "apparently did not exercise the responsibility". In 1995, a third version of the software, compatible with both Windows and MS-DOS, was released. The game likely worked on the systems Disney programmers used to test the game, but not on the systems used by the general public. It was used as a case study in relation to programmers having "target environment and intended end user" in mind. Lecturer Audrey Ricker felt this would "force businesses to be more publicly responsive to consumers". Ricker asserted the event demonstrated that a piece of software must be thoroughly tested on all supported platforms and system configurations before its release, regardless of what the marketing department has scheduled or what major holidays are coming up. The Lion King Animated Storybook was also available in Spanish, French, German and Italian through a special mail-in offer on the English product. In February 1996, following the success of the first three titles in the series, Disney Interactive planned to develop 23 new foreign-language versions of the games. In June 1996, Disney announced a Japanese version of The Lion King Animated Storybook to tap into the country's growing PC home market. Michael Jardine, representative director of Disney Interactive Japan, said that while there were no sales targets, the company would be happy to sell a copy for each of the country's 7.5 million computers. and from July 20 onwards a bilingual version of the game was available on the Disney website. Disney Interactive Japan released 101 Dalmatians Animated Storybook in June 1997, with The Hunchback of Notre Dame Animated Storybook following in late 1997 or early 1998. A Spanish version of Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too Animated Storybook was released in mid-1999. In July 2001, Disney Interactive officially announced they would be launching Spanish versions of many of its titles in the U.S. and Puerto Rico in an effort to penetrate the Hispanic market; the games would begin sale that November in traditional retail, Hispanic shops, and through Hispanic exclusive distributors. Called Libro Animado Interactivo, these included El Rey León (The Lion King), Pocahontas, Winnie Puh y el Árbol De La Miel (Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree), 101 Dálmatas (101 Dalmatians), Hercules, and La Sirenita (The Little Mermaid). This was the first time Disney made Spanish versions of its edutainment titles, after dubbing films into Spanish and other languages, and one of the first few times any computer software company had made an effort to target the U.S. Hispanic population. Disney Interactive president Jan Smith expressed joy with Disney Interactive offering "Hispanic parents and kids the chance to experience interactive entertainment within the context of their own culture." Disney Interactive collaborated with Latin Links. the exclusive sales representative of the company's Spanish-language products within the U.S. and Puerto Rico. A German version of Mulan Animated Storybook was released in 1998. Disney Interactive founding (December 1994) As a result of The Lion King Animated Storybook and Aladdin Activity Center being successful, Disney Interactive was founded December 5, 1994, by merging WDCS with the Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications (WDTT) division, to develop and market a range of interactive entertainment based on their properties. WDTT chairman Richard Frank expected Disney Interactive to become a $1 billion business within five years, with 20 interactive games and educational titles in 1995, another 40 titles in 1996, and up to 60 in 1997; development for these was to range from more than $100,000 to $1 million. The new Disney Interactive division was devoted to developing, publishing, and licensing software for children's entertainment and educational markets.) and Disney Interactive Edutainment (curriculum-based and interactive family software, particularly in the edutainment and education product markets). McBeth was committed to "producers and directors of animated features [being] involved in [the] creative development process for CD-ROMs and video games". ''Children's Business'' suggested the series came into fruition because in the contemporary entertainment market, it was "customary now for entertainment companies to release CD-ROMs to support a film or TV show". According to writer Rena B. Lewis, the games were "designed for use at home, not school". The animated books were considered a type of entertainment program, one of the three types released by Disney Interactive in addition to their simulation games and discovery programs. While they were advertised as teaching tools because they give no reward to players for doing this like they do for clicking hotspots, "the teaching of reading could be considered secondary in these programs". and Disney's first venture into the storybook realm. Media Station was the main developer of the series. which left Disney in charge of the design, development, and marketing of the series, with Media Station and other companies acting as programming contractors without creative decision making. The series' distribution was handled by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution. Speaking about Media Station's work with other studios, Gregory said, "Working with Disney has given us the chance to work with the greatest content possible, and the challenge of living up to their standards. It's gotten our name in the channels". Sanctuary's 35 staff in their local Victoria, British Columbia, office became a small part of Disney Interactive's 300 employees, and handled the programming, sound and graphic design, and art instead of Media Station. Teren oversaw development of the entire series, and directed Disney's early production of animated storybooks and activity center software. Beginning with The Lion King Animated Storybook, instead of reusing artwork from the film and forcing it into the new format, Teren's team "worked hand in hand with the group in feature animation", while the film's directors and producers worked with the games' designers and artists. Media Station also created over 300 music and vocal assets, using traditional orchestration and arrangement and digital composition tools. One of the advantages of creating software while the films were in production was that it allowed the original voice cast to be part of the projects. The voice cast sometimes consisted of actors from the films reprising their roles; for instance, Toy Story Animated Storybook featured Don Rickles as Mr. Potato Head, Annie Potts as Bo Peep, and Jim Varney as Slinky Dog. Kevin Kline, Demi Moore, Jason Alexander, and Tom Hulce reprised their roles in The Hunchback of Notre Dame Animated Storybook. For Pocahontas Animated Storybook, the developers hired Chris Webber and Irene Bedard. In The Little Mermaid, Jodi Benson and Samuel E. Wright reprised their roles as Ariel and Sebastian, respectively. At other times, different voice actors who sounded like the originals were used, such as Tom Hanks' brother Jim Hanks voicing Woody in the Toy Story game. The Lion King Animated Storybook is narrated by The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air actor James Avery, but was either released three days later or postponed to March 1997. Hercules came out simultaneously with the film's release. The success of previous titles in the series like Toy Story led to The Hercules Action Game, Animated Storybook, and Print Studio being rushed out in October to preempt the Christmas season. Toy Story made its debut before the film's video version was released. The Los Angeles Times noted the timing of ''Ariel's Story Studio coincided with the rerelease of The Little Mermaid. Winnie The Pooh and Tigger Too Animated Storybook was also "rushed out", according to Birmingham Evening Mail'', due to its release schedule being brought forward: From December 1994 to February 1995, Disney Interactive hired 50 new employees. It felt the initial success of the Activity and Storybook games would boost the success of their ''Disney's Learning Series (starting with Ready to Read with Pooh) and the first game from their creativity line, Disney's Draw & Paint. Due to the success of The Lion King Animated Storybook, Media Station received contracts from other companies such as Hasbro, Mattel, Scholastic, Crayola, IBM, and HarperCollins. During development of Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree Animated Storybook, Media Station suffered low employee morale and several key engineers threatened to quit. With Lee uplifting employee morale, the team was able to finish the project on schedule. The Animated Storybooks for Pocahontas, Hunchback and Hercules'' gave "special thanks" or "in associated with" credits to Animation Services at Walt Disney Feature Animation. In 1996, Ricker asserted that "[b]y taking control of its interactive business and competing with Broderbund and other giants in the field, Disney will most likely strengthen its position as one of the five major studios". 80 percent of the artwork Pixar created for the game was new. The Interactive Products Group (also known as the Pixar Interactive Division), a Pixar subsidiary, was founded in 1996. Its staff included 95 of Pixar's 300 and was headed by Pam Kerwin. It was founded to create computer games and had its own animators, art department, and engineers. Carolyn Handler Miller wrote the script and text for the game. As the team could not get Tom Hanks to narrate, Miller was forced to tell the story from the point of view of another character, settling on the "highly entertaining, sardonic" character Hamm. though Wired wrote it was released via Disney Interactive. The Seattle Times noted that for Toy Story Animated Storybook, "Faced with home computers' modest processing power, Disney's programmers had to limit the number of objects moving onscreen". While Steve Jobs was convinced the games would sell 10 million copies, on par with the sales figures of bestselling direct-to-video releases, Kerwin thought the games would not be as financially successful as the film because the gaming market had not reached that scale CEO Lawrence Levy and entertainment analyst Harold Vogel described the games as successful. At the time, Pixar wanted to continue work on the then-made-for-home video Toy Story 2, but the entire studio only had 300 people: around 200 were working on ''A Bug's Life'', and 62 were developing games at the Interactive Products Group. Pixar needed artists to work on the films, so it borrowed them from the in-house division Interactive Products Group, thinking, "Why are we doing this? Let's just make the movies. That's where our passion is." while leaving any future CD-ROM efforts to Disney Interactive due to their marketing and merchandising prowess. The dissolution of the division was preempted by the closure of Pixar's television-commercial unit in July 1996 so the team could focus solely on films. while Kerwin was assigned to start a shortfilm group. Robertson Stephens analyst Keith Benjamin felt it "[made] no sense for Pixar to waste their scarce talent on CD-ROMs now that they have a better deal with Disney. They're going to concentrate on films because that's where the real money is". Its last product to be released was Hercules. Throughout 1997, Living Books' sales dropped while costs increased, facing growing competition from Disney Interactive and Microsoft in the animated storybook genre; as a result, its staff was laid off and the group was folded into Broderbund. Disney also faced financial challenges, with titles that would have cost $1 or 2 million reaching $5–8 million. After Media Station's departure, the later titles in the Animated Storybook series were developed by Creative Capers Entertainment, which entered into an exclusive development deal with Disney in 1996. They had previously provided animation work to Media Station's 101 Dalmatians Animated Storybook and offered animation, design, and art services for such Disney Interactive game titles as ''Gamebreak! Timon & Pumbaa's Jungle Games, Gargoyles, and Mickey Mania; this multi-year deal meant that Disney Interactive also had the rights to any new Creative Capers projects. As a result, Creative Capers, which had also done work for films such as Tom and Jerry: The Movie, The Pagemaster and Thumbelina'', Creative Capers had provided background art and animation for earlier entries, and took over development for later titles. In November 1997, Disney Interactive released ''Ariel's Story Studio, the first in a "Story Studio" product line, where players could follow along with The Little Mermaid's storybook, or write, design and print their own. It was followed by a game called both Mulan Story Studio and Mulan Animated Storybook''. Joseph Adney, Disney Interactive's marketing director, said, "What we're trying to do is go way beyond the movie by providing for the child to direct it". The game was included in ''Disney's Classic Animated Storybook Collection and four other games in the series. Chicago Tribune'' reviewed Anastasia and Ariel side by side. Toward the late 1990s, other companies began to follow Disney's storybook series strategy. Sound Source Interactive's An American Tail Animated Moviebook was timed for the rerelease of Universal Studios Home Video's first two Tail films and An American Tail III. In 1998, Disney signed a deal with Apple, which meant Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree would be sold for the iMac. On November 3, 1999, Business Wire revealed that Mulan was the first title to be released as the result of license agreements between Disney and NewKidCo International. In September 1999, Disney Interactive announced it was launching the three brand names "Disney's Early Learning," "Disney's Creativity" and "Disney's Games" and repricing 14 titles, including ''Disney's Animated Storybook Mulan from $29.99 to $19.99. In the multiyear multimillion-dollar deal, NewKidCo. was contracted to develop a series of games for the Sony PlayStation, Nintendo N64 and Game Boy Color platforms, with the first to be a port of Mulan Animated Storybook, to be released some time in 2000, but brought forward to November 1999. In late December, the game was released for GBC and was dual-compatible with Game Boy. In 2001, a compilation of three CDs titled Disney's Classic Animated StoryBook Collection was released consisting of Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too, 101 Dalmatians, and Toy Story. A second volume was also released in 2001, featuring Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too, The Lion King, Ariel, and Mulan''. Graham Hopper, who became executive vice president/general manager of Disney Interactive Studios in 2002, closed down the last of Disney's PC studios that year, explaining, "It wasn't obvious that we could make money, given the continually lower and lower prices of children's PC titles". == Design ==

Gameplay Players are encouraged to engage with the titles via interactive story-telling, discovery, and skill-building activities intended to provide fun yet educational experiences. The games use a point-and-click interface. The method of going from page to page is often creative and unique to the storybook; for example, in ''Disney's Animated Storybook: 101 Dalmatians'', there are a series of inked feet leading to the exit (a reference to when the dogs roll in soot to evade Cruella De Vil). The games offer abridged retellings of their respective films, with various plot elements of the film changed. Containing in-game narration, the games allow players to read and play along with the story, or just have the narrator read the story to them. When playing along with the story, players can click on various hotspots to trigger animations or sound effects. Additionally, some "pages" of the story feature optional minigames. Some of the voice cast from the films reprised their roles for the games. In 101 Dalmatians, to appeal to 1990s audiences, technology was updated or added, including computers, video game consoles, larger screen television sets, and passcode-enabled security gates. This game also features a soundtrack of karaoke sing-along songs, which includes five new songs and a new recording of the original film's song "Cruella De Vil". ''Ariel's Story Studio also has a "Create Your Own Storybook" feature that allows players to devise their own storybooks and print out the finished product. Mulan'' contains more gameplay than other titles within the series; players look for scrolls across locations such as Mulan's house, the army camp, Tung Shao Pass, and the Imperial City. After the player finds all five scrolls and gives them to the emperor, they are made an official Imperial Storymaker, and given the ability to create original scrolls—their own animated storybooks. The roleplay within minigames allows players to interact with scenes from the films. Plot All the games' plots are abridged retellings of the animated films they are based on, with some plot elements changed or removed from their original counterparts. ''Disney's Animated Storybook: The Lion King'' is based on the 1994 film. Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree is based on the 1966 short film of the same name, and the game was the first of two Animated Storybook titles based on films included in 1977's The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. Pocahontas is based on the 1995 Walt Disney Animation Studios film of the same name, which told a fictionalised account of the relationship between Native American Pocahontas and Englishman John Smith in the midst of the European colonization of the Americas. Like in the film, the animated storybook video game follows Pocahontas and her friends Flit the hummingbird and Meeko the raccoon aim to prevent a war between British settlers and her Native American people. The game is narrated by Grandmother Willow, and features four activities. Toy Story is based on the 1995 film of the same name. Developed by a computer game development subsidiary of Pixar that existed at the time, it is the only Animated Storybook title to be based on a Pixar (and, by extension, fully computer-animated) film. The Hunchback of Notre Dame is based on the 1996 Walt Disney Animation Studios film of the same name, featuring the adventure of Quasimodo and his escape from Claude Frollo, and is part of the product line within Disney's The Hunchback of Notre Dame franchise. The game follows the plot of the 1996 Disney film The Hunchback of Notre Dame closely, and features six separate activities that can be played throughout the story, which is narrated by the fictional entertainer Clopin Trouillefou. The game contains the characters featured in Victor Hugo's original novel such as Quasimodo, Esmeralda and Phoebus, as well as characters created specifically for the Disney film such as the gargoyles Hugo, Victor and Laverne. 101 Dalmatians is based on the 1961 film of the same name and its 1996 live-action remake. The game is the only non-Winnie the Pooh-based Animated Storybook title based on a Walt Disney Animation Studios film that was made before the Disney Renaissance. Hercules is based on the 1997 Walt Disney Animation Studios film of the same name. ''Ariel's Story Studio was released as a tie-in to the 1997 re-release of The Little Mermaid. Despite sharing the same style of gameplay and the same primary developer in Media Station, the game has never been released under the Disney's Animated Storybook name, although it is generally considered to be the eighth entry in the series. The game is sometimes known as Disney's Animated Storybook: The Little Mermaid'' as a result. Mulan is based on the 1998 film of the same name, and was developed by Media Station and published by Disney Interactive. A PlayStation port entitled ''Disney's Story Studio: Mulan'' was developed by Revolution Software (under the name Kids Revolution), and published by NewKidCo on December 20, 1999. This game was targeted toward a young female demographic ages four to nine. Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too is based on the 1974 short film of the same name. According to The Washington Times, the game is a loose adaptation of The House at Pooh Corner chapters, "In Which Tigger Is Unbounced" and "In Which It Is Shown That Tiggers Don't Climb Trees". == Release ==

Promotion Debra Streicker-Fine, head of the marketing department for Disney Software, worked on the titles' releases. The games had a variety of distribution methods, such as through retail outlets, mass merchants, software and specialty stores, and mail order catalogs. In the first year of the series' history, advertising creative for Disney Interactive's Edutainment unit (under which the Animated Storybooks lay) was completed by Kresser Stein Robaire in Santa Monica, but on September 26, 1995, the contract was awarded to Foote, Cone & Belding in San Francisco; their first assignment was the campaign for Pocahontas Animated Storybook. Meanwhile, the media portion of the account remained at Western International Media in Los Angeles. Joseph E. Adney III, marketing manager at Walt Disney Computer Software, noted that in their strategy "in-store, we looked for ways to support the retailers, make things more fun and add more value to the experience we are talking about". Disney often showcased their storybook titles at E3, such as The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1996 and Mulan in 1998. Through a partnership with Disney Interactive, the CanBeJam series of PC were exclusively bundled with CD-ROM titles for the Japanese market. In June 1996 it was announced that Apple Mcintosh Performa computers models came with the Apple Magic Collection, which bundled The Lion King Animated Storybook, Aladdin Activity Center, and a sneak peek of the film Toy Story. The Mirror held a Dalmatian Competition in 1997, in which they gave away ten free copies of 101 Dalmatians Animated Storybook to the winners. Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree Animated Storybook was demonstrated at the 1995 Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Meeting Room No. M-6314, South 6 Annex. The game's release was part of a year-long, company-wide celebration of Disney's Winnie the Pooh franchise, which included cross-promotion with Disney Interactive, Disney Licensing, Buena Vista Home Video, Walt Disney Records and Disney Press. The game was part of a "comprehensive advertising campaign in trade and consumer publications targeting family and home PC audiences". A playable demo of Hercules was featured in the 1997 Electronic Entertainment Expo. In 1998, a game in the series was included in an iMac software bundle. In 1998, Mega offered five free copies of Mulan Animated Storybook and ''Mulan's Print Studio each in a promotion. Winnie-the-Pooh & Tigger Too Animated Storybook was released in retail stores on February 23, 1999, the same day as Sing a Song With Pooh Bear. In 1999, a copy of any game in Disney's Learning Series: Winnie the Pooh came with a free copy of Disney's Animated Storybook: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree. The A List conducted a promotion through The Mirror to give away 10 copies of the program. In 2001, various entries within the series were repackaged with Ariel's Story Studio in Disney's Classic Animated Storybook Collection: Volumes 1 and 2.'' Promotion of Toy Story Disney created a "multimillion-dollar marketing blitz" to promote Toy Story Animated Storybook, which included the "unchartered approach" of airing two 30-second TV spots television advertisement spots in 25 major markets. Pixar created new animation specifically for the commercial. For the launch of Toy Story Animated Storybook, Disney Interactive offered a factory rebate and a website for its Hunt for the Lost Toy crossword puzzle contest, In retail stores, Disney set up "elaborate POP displays featuring flashing lights and, in some cases, recorded Woody and Buzz voices activated by a motion sensor". in 1994 it was the seventh best-selling CD-ROM after Myst, Doom II, 5 ft. 10 PAK Volume 1, Star Wars: Rebel Assault, The 7th Guest, and Microsoft Encarta. Together, The Lion King and a Winnie the Pooh title grossed between $1 and $2 million in the fourth quarter of 1994. According to PC Data data released in November 1995, The Lion King had the eighth highest retail penetration, being featured in at least three-quarters of 16 major chains. In December 1995, Pocahontas was the tenth best selling CD-ROM software title of any genre. ''Disney's Animated Storybook: Pocahontas and Disney's Animated Storybook: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree were among the top three sellers for the 1995 Christmas season. From January to April 1996, the two games were ranked among the top three titles in the Education category, according to PC Data''. By May 1996, the first five titles in the series were some of the best selling children's titles in the United States. Throughout 1996, Toy Story sold more than 500,000 units, generating $15.9 million in U.S. sales. The 1996 games Toy Story Animated Storybook and Toy Story Activity Center had a combined sales total of around one million units by March 31, 1997. Hercules was the best selling educational title of 1997. Throughout 1997, 101 Dalmatians Animated Storybook generated $7.69 million in sales. In the week of December 13, 1997, ''Ariel's Story Studio was the third-best selling home education software. According to PC Data, Disney's Animated Storybook: Mulan was the top-selling home education software at 11 software retail chains, representing 47 percent of the U.S. market, for the week of July 25. By October 1998, The Lion King'' had sold over 1 million units. == Critical reception ==

In general, later titles were more negative received than earlier titles. The Toy Story title was highlighted with critical acclaim and ''Ariel's Story Studio was nominated for Computer Edutainment Game of the Year at the first D.I.C.E. Awards, losing to Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego? The game also received a Best Educational Software award from DiscoverySchool.com. Parents reviewed Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree as part of their series entitled The best of 1995: Software. Disney's Animated Storybook, Hercules'' sold more than 40,000 copies within five weeks. Gameplay and plot Computer Shopper positively compared the series to Living Books' ''Arthur's Reading Race and The Berenstain Bears Get in a Fight. saying the activities in Disney's Animated Storybook were "purely entertaining". Three of the games were featured in The New York Times Guide to the Best Children's Videos. Carol S. Holzberg of Computer Shopper said the games paled in comparison to the films they were based on, but felt they were still "excellent" and "engaging". Chicago Sun-Times thought it was a "perfect digital playmate". FamilyPC's 19 playtesters reviewed the series positively. Discovery Education wrote that the games were "fun and creative", and that it would appeal to children aged three to eight. The Boston Herald said Ariel's Story Studio's strong point was in its soundtrack and karaoke activity, as opposed to Anastasia's adventure game mechanics. Superkids felt Toy Story'' had more 'click-and-see-what-happens' objects than any other storybook program they'd seen. Superkids praised Hunchback for "combining beautiful animation with a much sanitized version of a classic story". The Lion King's gameplay and narrative has been negatively compared to those of the Virgin Interactive game tie-in to the film. Maev Kennedy from The Guardian thought that Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree was tainted by his belief that Disney's Winnie the Pooh franchise loses the multi-layered nature of A. A. Milne's original book series, describing the game as "slow, unsophisticated, and dull". AllGame felt that children would stick with their games due to their high replayability, and recommended parents spend their money on the better games in the series. David Bloom of Daily News said that Mulan was "well-done", and thought the "greater strength of the program" was the inclusion of additional activities and games beyond the storybook, such as a dress-up room for Mulan to try on traditional clothing. The Boston Herald thought the game was a mixture of "absurdly simple tasks" and "practically impossible ones" while finding the dialogue "repetitive" and "irritating". Joseph Szadkowski of The Washington Post's favourite part of the game was the printable and customisable calendar. Another reviewer from that newspaper wrote that the animated storybook video game series was "thoughtfully designed product marred by a few miscalculations that lessen its impact." Tara Hernandez of AllGame praised the PlayStation version of Mulan for its graphics, sound, and characters; the site noted that achieving the title of Imperial Storymaker requires both "imagination and creativity" from the player. IGN deemed it "curious" that Disney broke away from its previous platformer formula for its console games. The Boston Herald reviewer Robin Ray offered a scathing review of Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too, commenting that the game was "mangled", "dull", humorless, and had "simply bad design". A reviewer from The Washington Post had a similar opinion, describing the game as "completely charmless", and that the "colorful, whimsical prose" of the source material had been translated into "leadenness". Arizona Republic felt the later games lacked interesting gameplay and visuals. The Los Angeles Times criticized Disney for contracting their games to independent studios, deeming the series a "mere imitation of Broderbund's Living Books format". The Washington Post felt the game offered a "Reader's Digest version of the plot". Chicago Tribune said in regards to Tigger Too, "As cute as the program is, it lacks substance. The games are very basic on all levels and offer no surprises after repeat play". MacUser felt the games contained "repetitive, uninspired content". The Washington Post observed that kids ignored the text and played around with the onscreen hotspots and interactive games. Education and girl-orientation The Exceptional Parent recommended the series due to allowed parents to "develop [their] child's interest in words and reading". Daily News appreciated that some of the more difficult words came with their own poems to help players understand their meanings. The Beacon News reported that a three-year-old girl "already knows more about computers than people several times her age" because the game reads to her and lets her interact with the story. Daily Record praised Disney's creation of quality software in an untapped market, writing that through this series, the company "manage[d] to home in on a niche market others tend to ignore – the ankle-biters who can work a keyboard and mouse as efficiently as a rattle or a spinning top". A review in The Austin Chronicle praised the inclusion of brain-stimulating puzzles and a thesaurus for "highlighted words in the narration", adding that its appeal to adults was "the true genius of a disk like this". The Washington Post deemed it "a cut above" the standard for educational video games. Rocky Mountain News reviewer Karen Algeo-Krizman felt the games would win over parents due to its educational value. Edutaining Kids wrote that The Little Mermaid was the most "educationally valuable" out of the three titles included in the Disney Princess Jewelry Box Collection, along with ''Disney's Princess Fashion Boutique and Disney Princess Magical Dress-Up. T.J. Deci of AllGame noted that the stories were presented as "colorful" adventures, and that the activities encourage players to acquire "good memory and pattern recognition" skills. Upon the original release of The Lion King, Spanish newspaper Super PC'' noted the game's limited pedagogical use due to the English subtitles and dialogue, hoping that Buena Vista would release a Spanish version. Personal Computer Magazine felt the titles would delight fans of the films, but that parents would not be pleased with their lack of educational content. Austin Chronicle appreciated the highlighted words to help children expand their vocabulary. A pilot study at the University of Arizona, Goldstein (1994) found that "children, allowed to use animated storybooks on their own, never interacted with the reading component at all, only with the animated pictures". SuperKids thought The Little Mermaid was a crowd-pleaser, and a nice entry in the edutainment category that would appeal to girls. Rocky Mountain News gave the game a "tentative endorsement", and said that it helped to counteract the bias toward boy-oriented video games and offered an opportunity for "computer-savvy girls to cheer". Lynn Voedisch of the Chicago Sun-Times described Pocahontas as a "girl-targeted CD-ROM". The Age felt that Mulan saw a "departure from most of Disney's appeal-to-everyone efforts", and would therefore be of more interest to girls than boys. The Sydney Morning Herald thought the "beautiful storybooks" and "gorgeous grotto" would make ''Ariel's Story Studio popular with girls. The Chicago Tribune described Hercules as the anti-Pocahontas due to having boy-oriented games and activities. Daily News'' felt the series offered "terrific" examples of the interactive storybook genre, which read as pages out of a printed children's book. Coming Soon Magazine felt the series "[had] many things to attract young children like animal characters and great artwork". Beth Kljajic from Adventure Learning Club said the games were "very poorly written". Entertainment Weekly said the series offered stripped-down bare-bones retellings. Knight Ridder Tribune said the games' "lush animation" succeeded in "capturing the warm and fuzzy texture" of the source material. The Columbian writer Mike Langberg wrote that the games "faithfully reproduces the story, visual style, voices and music" of the original. A Knight Ridder Tribune article written by John J. Fried and William R. Macklin commented that while Pocahontas was "beautifully rendered", it was "poorer" than Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree due to not featuring any songs. Entertainment Weekly commented that ''Disney's Animated Storybook contained "all the familiar scenes" from the movies they were based on, albeit augmented by entertaining point-and-click activities. Meanwhile, a reviewer from Technology & Learning described the two games as "appealing" and "beautifully rendered". The Austin Chronicle noted that the style elements of the originals are "vividly woven in". Working Mother felt games were "absolutely addictive", calling the audiovisuals "fun" and "zany". The Chicago Tribune felt that the "Dalmatians" CD-ROM was very successful "in seamlessly guiding players into and out of each screen" due to their entrances and exits integrated into doorways. Reviewing Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too – the last game in the series – The Washington Post criticized its "charmless[ness]" and "leadenness", adding that its "jerky, disjointed narration are confusing to follow because characters move abruptly from scene to scene without much of a connecting theme". In 1997, The Times London deemed 101 Dalmatians'' as "[j]ust about the best Disney Interactive title to date". Consumer Reports noted that the quality of the series fluctuates between games, praising 101 Dalmatian while finding fault with Hercules' writing and Toy Story's user friendliness. The Seattle Times suggested that "While the content of these products is fairly shallow, Disney sets high standards for the graphics and animation". Detroit Free Press highlighted the title's "whiz-bang animation, that 'far surpass much of the stiffer animation of other CD-ROM games for kids'", but felt there was a missed opportunity for "imaginative interaction" was for players to create custom toys from parts like Sid. El Paso Times wrote that Toy Story "delivers almost everything that made the movie special". Entertainment Weekly praised the animation, noting "the sequences...(which so closely mirror those in the film) have an immediate, you-are-there quality", in comparison to other video game adaptions of movies which "present scenes from the original flick in a truncated, non-interactive manner that can be mildly off-putting for both kids and adults". The Washington Post said the absence of the film's two main stars "does not diminish the enjoyment" of the game. The Buffalo News said the game "captures the spirit and humor of the film". The Record thought the game had "first-rate production values". Popular Magazine felt the visual results were "much the same as the film". Macworld felt the "3-D imaging is superb for a children's edutainment package". PC World felt the game's humor worked for children and adults. In a negative review, The New York Times wrote that the game was like the film except less interesting, less detailed, simplified, and purported to be educational. Andy Pargh from Design News said that it "features the best 3-D graphics and animated sequences I have ever seen on a computer program". The Washington Post wrote the title offered evidence of more medium-appropriate software, Part of Disney franchises Much of the discourse was around how the games fit into the larger Disney franchises. The Philadelphia Inquirer felt the series "illustrates the dangers of runaway cross-promotion", deeming it Disneymania at its most bland, uninteresting, mundane, stale, and wafer-thin, and accusing it of following the trend rather than setting it. El Paso Times thought the titles' complete names – necessary to tie them into their franchises – came across as awkward. Daily News suggested that "both [''Ariel's Story Studio and Anastasia: Adventures with Pooka and Bartok''] can have lives lasting far longer than the movies will be in theaters". Macworld agreed that the "biggest appeal is its connection to the movie". Detroit Free Press felt that the games would only appeal to fans of their respective film inspirations. Joseph Szadkowski of The Washington Times thought that the video games were a product line extension that served as an example of how Disney was "cram[ming] the movie...down the throats of unsuspecting consumers", although he said the graphics were "amazing". A writer from Entertainment Weekly praised Disney's "slick" series of digital pop-up books. PC Entertainment felt the edutainment games allowed their respective properties to "live on", though that they would only appeal to die-hard fans of the originals. The Chicago Tribune felt the series was a way for Disney to flex its "synergistic marketing muscles". The Washington Post felt the games were part of "merchandising empire[s] just as a good children's story should [be]". Tekst.no: strukturer og sjangrer i digitale medier acknowledged that Disney had been adapting many of their cartoons into storybooks, describing their efforts as having "varying results". PC Mag expressed surprise that the games, against all odds, were able to match the magic of the properties that preceded them, saying the game never gets tiresome. The Los Angeles Times argued "Disney succeeded in spite of the problems with its games because of the extraordinary popularity of its characters and because the parents who buy the products trust the Disney name--and aren't necessarily looking for leading-edge technology". Computer Retail Week noted that success followed "virtually any title tied to a Disney movie". Billboard described them as "Releases linked to established franchises-from hit movies to time-tested characters". == Awards ==