Ditema tsa Dinoko

The script has been characterized as a syllabary, as each freestanding letter transcribes a syllable. However, unlike a true syllabary, syllables are not written with distinct letters. Rather, individual graphemes for consonants, vowels and featural elements are combined into syllabic blocks (amabheqe). Except when the syllable being transcribed is a syllabic nasal, the letters are based on a triangular or chevron-shaped grapheme that indicates the vowel of the syllable, with the attached ongwaqa indicating the onset consonants. This is like an abugida, but based on the vowel rather than the onset consonant. Syllabic nasals are written as circles that fill the whole ibheqe or syllable block. ==Vowels==

The vowel graphemes (onkamisa) form the basis of each ibheqe or syllable block, as the nucleus of each syllable, with the ongwaqa or consonant graphemes positioned in and around them. The direction of each ibheqe indicates the vowel, with up to seven possible: • Intombi, the upward-facing triangle: • Isoka, the downward-facing triangle: • Umkhonto, the upward-facing chevron: • Iphambili, the leftward-facing triangle: • Imuva, the rightward-facing triangle: • The leftward-facing chevron: or , depending on the language • The rightward-facing chevron: or There is an eighth "vowel" represented by the downward-facing chevron, which is the null vowel, transcribed in the table below. This is mostly used for foreign words to represent a non-syllabic consonant without a following vowel, often as a syllable coda, which does not occur in siNtu languages. Vowel length and tone are not distinguishable. The apex of the triangle or chevron corresponds to vowel height or frontedness, with high vowels and pointing upwards and the low vowel pointing downwards. Likewise, the front vowels and point leftwards and the back vowels and point rightwards. Vowel nasality is indicated with the ingungwanyana, a solid dot placed at the apex of the triangle but separated from it. Here is an example of use, differentiating how the word for below is said and written in Zunda languages (with a circle for a prenasalized consonant) and Tekela languages (with the ingungwanyana): In the case the syllable has a nasal consonant, which occupies the same location, the ingungwanyana can instead be placed on the opposite side of the triangle. ==Consonants==

Consonants (ongwaqa) are composed of one or more graphemes. At least one of these indicates the place and manner of articulation. If more than one such consonant grapheme is superimposed, this represents a co-articulation, e.g. an affricate (formed of superimposed stop and fricative graphemes), or an onset cluster. Other overlaid dots and strokes indicate articulatory mode, whether that be voiced, prenasalised, implosive, ejective, modal voice, or a combination thereof. The position of the consonant graphemes largely corresponds to the place of articulation: • Labials and nasals are positioned outside the triangle, at the apex. • Alveolars are across the middle of the triangle from side to side. • Dentals are two lines across the triangle from side to side, parallel to each other. • Velars and palatals are at the base. • Laterals are outside the triangle on one side. The shape of the consonant grapheme corresponds to the manner of articulation: • Fricatives are indicated by curved lines; with the retroflex/whistled and postalveolar fricatives being loops. • Plosives are indicated by straight lines in the same position as their fricative counterparts. • A plosive is written together with a fricative to write an affricate. The post-alveolar and retroflex affricates are ligatures, with the plosive line integrated into the fricative loops. • Approximants and trills are represented with parallel lines or a line with a right angle in it. • Nasals, including prenasalization of plosives and affricates, are represented as circles at the apex of the triangle. Lines inside the circles distinguish the nasals from each other, unless a plosive is present, in which case the distinction is not necessary. • Clicks are a bottomless hourglass-like shapes. • Onset clusters such as tw are similar to affricates: both consonants are placed in the triangle, though some spacial adjustment may be necessary. • Syllabic laterals and trills are represented with duplication of the ordinary lateral and trill graphemes. • Syllabic nasals, amaQanda, are unique in that they are circles rather than triangles that occupy the entire iBheqe space. They follow the same principles as their onset-nasal counterparts. These graphemes can combine with each other in an order in accordance with the phonotactics of siNtu languages, and they also can combine with the articulatory mode graphemes. While normally the voicing line (described in the next section) goes right across the amaBheqe, in the case of the post-alveolar and retroflex sibilants and affricates (that is, ), the line goes up to the loop, not passing through it, staying on the bottom half for post-alveolars and on the top half for retroflexes. These could be considered ligatures; even so, abbreviation is possible in handwriting, going from the loop part straight to the uphimbo. ==Articulatory mode==

There are three graphemic markers of articulatory mode: • Uphimbo, the voicing line, is a vertical line that runs from the apex of the triangle to the base (or inline with the ends of the chevron). This symbol modifies the phonation of the consonant. • Lerothodi, the glottal action dot, is a dot that floats just above the base of the triangle, inside it. When an uphimbo is present, the dot can be moved slightly to a side, and if a consonant shape is in the way, even further, for visibility. This symbol modifies the airstream mechanism of the consonant. • Ingungwana, the nasalization marker, is a circle that sits at the top of the triangle, touching its apex. This is distinct from the bilabial nasal (ingungu) that appears on its own, as this one occurs with other consonant graphemes. In this case, no additional lines need to be added to the ingungwana, as the place of articulation is given by them instead. The table below displays how consonants are modified by these: ==References==