Origins The Doctrinaires first obtained in 1816 the co-operation of
Louis XVIII, who had been frightened by the violence of the
Ultra-royalists in the
Chambre introuvable of 1815. However, the Ultras quickly came back to government, headed by the
comte de Villèle. The Doctrinaires were then in the opposition, although they remained quite close to the government, especially to
Decazes who assumed some governmental offices. The Doctrinaires were opposed on their left by republicans and liberals, and on their right by the Ultras. Finally, the Doctrinaires were destroyed by
Charles X, the
reactionary successor of his brother Louis XVIII. Charles took the ultra
prince de Polignac as his minister. This nomination in part caused the
1830 July Revolution, during which the Doctrinaires became absorbed in the
Orléanists, from whom they had never been separated on any ground of principle. According to
René Rémond's famous classification of the various right-wing families in France, the Orléanists became the second right-wing tradition to emerge after the
Legitimists, a term used to refer to the Ultras after the July Revolution.
Doctrinaires, a pejorative word quickly reappropriated As has often been the case with party designations, the name was at first given in derision and by an enemy. In 1816, the
Nain jaune réfugié, a French paper, published at
Brussels by
Bonapartist and liberal exiles, began to speak of
Royer-Collard as the doctrinaire and also as
le Pierre Royer-Collard de la doctrine chrétienne, a name which came from Royer-Collard's studies under the
Prêtres de la doctrine chrétienne, a French religious order founded in 1592 by
César de Bus and popularly known as the doctrinaires. The choice of a nickname for Royer-Collard does credit to the journalistic insight of the contributors to the
Nain jaune réfugié, for he was emphatically a man who made it his business to preach a
doctrine and an
orthodoxy. The term quickly became popular and was extended to Royer-Collard's colleagues, who came from different horizons. The
duc de Richelieu and
Hercule de Serre had been royalist
émigrés during the revolutionary and imperial epoch.
Nationalizing the monarchy and royalizing France Royer-Collard himself,
Jean Maximilien Lamarque and
Maine de Biran had sat in the revolutionary Assemblies.
Pasquier, the
comte de Beugnot, the
baron de Barante,
Georges Cuvier,
Mounier,
Guizot and
Decazes had been imperial officials, but they were closely united by political principle and also by a certain similarity of method. Some of them, notably Guizot and Maine de Biran, were theorists and commentators on the principles of government. The baron de Barante was an eminent man of letters. All were noted for the doctrinal coherence of their principles and the
dialectical rigidity of their arguments. The object of the party as defined by the future duc Decazes was to "nationalize the monarchy and to royalize France". The king, who had been king of France during the
Ancien Régime, ultimately became king of the French under the July Monarchy. This illustrated the change from the
divine right of kings to
national sovereignty as sovereignty was not derived from God anymore, but from the people. The means by which they hoped to attain this end were a loyal application of the
Charter granted by
Louis XVIII and the steady co-operation of the king with themselves to defeat the
Ultra-royalists, a group of
counterrevolutionaries who aimed at the complete undoing of the political and social work of the
French Revolution. The Doctrinaires were ready to allow the king a large discretion in the choice of his ministers and the direction of national policy. They refused the principle of
parliamentary responsibility, that is to allow that ministers should be removed in obedience to a hostile vote in the chamber. Their ideal in fact was a combination of a king who frankly accepted the results of the Revolution and who governed in a liberal spirit, with the advice of a chamber elected by a very limited constituency in which men of property and education formed, if not the wholes at least the very great majority of the voters. This king was not to be found until
Louis-Philippe's reign during the
July Monarchy. Guizot set forth the Doctrinaires' ideology in his 1816 treatise ''Du gouvernement représentatif et de l'état actuel de la France
. The chief organs of the party in the press were the Indépendant
(renamed the Constitutionnel
in 1817) and the Journal des Débats''. The Doctrinaires were chiefly supported by ex officials of the empire who believed in the necessity for monarchical government, but had a lively memory of
Napoleon's authoritative rule and a no less lively hatred of the Ancien Régime — merchants, manufacturers and members of the liberal professions, particularly the lawyers. == English terminology ==