Decolonisation After the
Second World War, Fiji began to take its first steps towards internal self-government. The
Legislative Council was expanded to 32 members in 1953, 15 of them elected and divided equally among the three major ethnic constituencies (
indigenous Fijians,
Indo-Fijians, and
Europeans).
Ratu Sukuna was chosen as the first
Speaker. Although the Legislative Council still had few of the powers of the modern
Parliament, it brought
native Fijians and Indo-Fijians into the official political structure for the first time, and fostered the beginning of a modern political culture in Fiji. These steps towards self-rule were welcomed by the
Indo-Fijian community, which by that time had come to outnumber the native Fijian population. Fearing Indo-Fijian domination, many
Fijian chiefs saw the benevolent rule of the British as preferable to Indo-Fijian control and resisted British moves towards autonomy. By this time, however, the United Kingdom had apparently decided to divest itself of its colonial
empire and pressed ahead with reforms. The Fijian people as a whole were enfranchised for the first time in 1963, when the legislature was made a wholly elective body, except for 2 members out of 36 nominated by the Great Council of Chiefs. 1964 saw the first step towards
responsible government, with the introduction of the
Member system. Specific portfolios were given to certain elected members of the Legislative Council. They did not constitute a
Cabinet in the
Westminster sense of the term, as they were officially advisers to the colonial Governor rather than ministers with executive authority, and were responsible only to the Governor, not to the legislature. Nevertheless, over the ensuing three years, the then Governor,
Sir Derek Jakeway, treated the Members more and more like ministers, to prepare them for the advent of responsible government. A constitutional conference was held in
London in July 1965, to discuss constitutional changes with a view to introducing responsible government. Indo-Fijians, led by
A. D. Patel, demanded the immediate introduction of full self-government, with a fully elected legislature, to be elected by universal suffrage on a common voters' roll. These demands were vigorously rejected by the
ethnic Fijian delegation, who still feared loss of control over natively owned land and resources should an Indo-Fijian dominated government come to power. The British made it clear, however, that they were determined to bring Fiji to self-government and eventual independence. Realising that they had no choice, Fiji's chiefs decided to negotiate for the best deal they could get. A series of compromises led to the establishment of a cabinet system of government in 1967, with
Ratu Kamisese Mara as the first
Chief Minister. Ongoing negotiations between Mara and
Sidiq Koya, who had taken over the leadership of the mainly Indo-Fijian
National Federation Party on Patel's death in 1969, led to a second constitutional conference in London, in April 1970, at which Fiji's Legislative Council agreed on a compromise electoral formula and a timetable for independence as a fully sovereign and independent nation within the
Commonwealth. The Legislative Council would be replaced with a bicameral
Parliament, with a
Senate dominated by Fijian chiefs and a popularly elected
House of Representatives. In the 52-member House, Native Fijians and Indo-Fijians would each be allocated 22 seats, of which 12 would represent
Communal constituencies comprising voters registered on strictly ethnic roles, and another 10 representing
National constituencies to which members were allocated by ethnicity but elected by
universal suffrage. A further 8 seats were reserved for "
General electors" –
Europeans,
Chinese,
Banaban Islanders, and other minorities; 3 of these were "communal" and 5 "national". With this compromise, Fiji became independent on 10 October 1970.
Coups Following the election of the ethnically
Indian-dominated government of
Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra (although he personally was an
indigenous Fijian) on 13 April 1987, Lieutenant Colonel
Sitiveni Rabuka carried out the first of
two military coups on 14 May 1987. At first, Rabuka expressed loyalty to Queen Elizabeth II. However, Governor-General
Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, in an effort to uphold Fiji's constitution, refused to swear in the new (self-appointed) government headed by Rabuka, and so Rabuka declared a
republic on 6 October 1987. This was accepted by the British government on 15 October 1987, and Ganilau resigned on the same day. In a letter addressed to Queen Elizabeth II, Ganilau wrote: "With humble duty, I wish to submit to you the following advice, acting in my capacity as your representative in Fiji. Owing to the uncertainty of the political and constitutional situation in Fiji, I have now made up my mind to request Your Majesty to relieve me of my appointment as Governor-General with immediate effect. This I do with utmost regret, but my endeavours to preserve constitutional government in Fiji have proved in vain, and I can see no alternative way forward. With deepest respect, Penaia Ganilau, Governor-General." Following the establishment of the
Republic of Fiji, former Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau became the first
President of Fiji, in December 1987. Fiji was then declared to have been expelled from the Commonwealth - but this was reversed in 1997 when a new Constitution was enacted. == Politics==