Douglas DC-3

"DC" stands for Douglas Commercial. The DC-3 was the culmination of a development effort that began after an inquiry from Transcontinental and Western Airlines (TWA) to Donald Douglas. TWA's rival in transcontinental air service, United Airlines, was starting service with the Boeing 247, and Boeing refused to sell any 247s to other airlines until United's order for 60 aircraft had been filled. TWA asked Douglas to design and build an aircraft that would allow TWA to compete with United. Douglas' design, the 1933 DC-1, was promising, and led to the DC-2 in 1934. The DC-2 was a success, but with room for improvement. 9 engine of American Airlines Flagship Knoxville The DC-3 resulted from a marathon telephone call from American Airlines CEO C. R. Smith to Donald Douglas, when Smith persuaded a reluctant Douglas to design a sleeper aircraft based on the DC-2 to replace American's Curtiss Condor II biplanes. The DC-2's cabin was wide, too narrow for side-by-side berths. Douglas agreed to go ahead with development only after Smith informed him of American's intention to purchase 20 aircraft. The new aircraft was engineered by a team led by chief engineer Arthur E. Raymond over the next two years, and the prototype Douglas Sleeper Transport (DST) first flew on December 17, 1935 (the 32nd anniversary of the Wright Brothers' flight at Kitty Hawk) with Douglas chief test pilot Carl Cover at the controls. Its cabin was wide, and a version with 21 seats instead of the 14–16 sleeping berths of the DST was given the designation DC-3. No prototype was built, and the first DC-3 built followed seven DSTs off the production line for delivery to American Airlines. C-47B at RAF Hullavington in 2005 The DC-3 and DST popularized air travel in the United States. Eastbound transcontinental flights could cross the U.S. in about 15 hours with three refueling stops, while westbound trips against the wind took hours. A few years earlier, such a trip entailed short hops in slower and shorter-range aircraft during the day, coupled with train travel overnight. Several radial engines were offered for the DC-3. Early-production civilian aircraft used either the 9-cylinder Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 or the 14-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp, but the Twin Wasp was chosen for most military versions and was also used by most DC-3s converted from military service. Five DC-3S Super DC-3s with Pratt & Whitney R-2000 Twin Wasps were built in the late 1940s, three of which entered airline service. Production Total production including all military variants was 16,079. More than 400 remained in commercial service in 1998. Production was: • 607 civilian variants • 10,048 military C-47 and C-53 derivatives built at Santa Monica, California, Long Beach, California, and Oklahoma City • 4,937 built under license in the Soviet Union (1939–1950) as the Lisunov Li-2 (NATO reporting name: Cab) • 487 Mitsubishi Kinsei-engined aircraft built by Showa and Nakajima in Japan (1939–1945), as the L2D Type 0 transport (Allied codename Tabby) Production of DSTs ended in mid-1941 and civilian DC-3 production ended in early 1943, although dozens of the DSTs and DC-3s ordered by airlines that were produced between 1941 and 1943 were pressed into the US military service while still on the production line. Military versions were produced until the end of the war in 1945. A larger, more powerful Super DC-3 was launched in 1949 to positive reviews. The civilian market was flooded with second-hand C-47s, many of which were converted to passenger and cargo versions. Only five Super DC-3s were built, and three of them were delivered for commercial use. The prototype Super DC-3 served the US Navy with the designation YC-129 alongside 100 R4Ds that had been upgraded to the Super DC-3 specifications. Turboprop conversions turboprop engines From the early 1950s, some DC-3s were modified to use Rolls-Royce Dart engines, as in the Conroy Turbo Three. Other conversions featured Armstrong Siddeley Mamba or Pratt & Whitney PT6A turbines. The Greenwich Aircraft Corp DC-3-TP is a conversion with an extended fuselage and with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-65AR or PT6A-67R engines fitted. The Basler BT-67 is a conversion of the DC-3/C-47. Basler refurbishes C-47s and DC-3s at Oshkosh, Wisconsin, fitting them with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-67R turboprop engines, lengthening the fuselage by with a fuselage plug ahead of the wing, and some local strengthening of the airframe. South Africa-based Braddick Specialised Air Services International (commonly referred to as BSAS International) has also performed Pratt & Whitney PT6 turboprop conversions, having performed modifications on over 50 DC-3/C-47s / 65ARTP / 67RTP / 67FTPs. ==Operational history==

(France) Douglas C-47B in 1953, with a ventral Turbomeca Palas booster jet for hot and high operations DC-3 at London Heathrow Airport in 1958 DC-3 in 1954 , Santa Monica Airport, California, July 2024 inaugurated operations with Cathay Pacific in 1946 American Airlines inaugurated passenger service on June 26, 1936, with simultaneous flights from Newark, New Jersey and Chicago, Illinois. Early U.S. airlines like American, United, TWA, Eastern, and Delta ordered over 400 DC-3s. These fleets paved the way for the modern American air travel industry, which eventually replaced trains as the most common means of long-distance travel across the United States. A nonprofit group, Flagship Detroit Foundation, continues to operate the only original American Airlines Flagship DC-3 with air show and airport visits throughout the U.S. In 1936, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines received its first DC-3, which replaced the DC-2 in service from Amsterdam via Batavia (now Jakarta) to Sydney, by far the world's longest scheduled route at the time. In total, KLM bought 23 DC-3s before the war broke out in Europe. In 1941, a China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) DC-3 pressed into wartime transportation service was bombed on the ground at Suifu Airfield in China, destroying the outer right wing. The only spare available was that of a smaller Douglas DC-2 in CNAC's workshops. The DC-2's right wing was removed, flown to Suifu under the belly of another CNAC DC-3, and bolted up to the damaged aircraft. After a single test flight, in which it was discovered that it pulled to the right due to the difference in wing sizes, the so-called DC-2½ was flown to safety. During World War II, many civilian DC-3s were requisitioned for the war effort and more than 10,000 U.S. military versions of the DC-3 were built, under the designations C-47, C-53, R4D, and Dakota. Peak production was reached in 1944, with 4,853 being delivered. The armed forces of many countries used the DC-3 and its military variants for the transport of troops, cargo, and wounded. Licensed copies of the DC-3 were built in Japan as the Showa L2D (487 aircraft); and in the Soviet Union as the Lisunov Li-2 (4,937 aircraft). Cubana de Aviación became the first Latin American airline to offer a scheduled service to Miami when it started its first scheduled international service from Havana in 1945 with a DC-3. Cubana used DC-3s on some domestic routes well into the 1960s. Douglas developed an improved version, the Super DC-3, with more power, greater cargo capacity, and an improved wing, but with surplus aircraft available for cheap, they failed to sell well in the civilian aviation market. Only five were delivered, three of them to Capital Airlines. The U.S. Navy had 100 of its early R4Ds converted to Super DC-3 standard during the early 1950s as the Douglas R4D-8/C-117D. The last U.S. Navy C-117 was retired on July 12, 1976. The last U.S. Marine Corps C-117, serial 50835, was retired from active service during June 1982. Several remained in service with small airlines in North and South America in 2006. The United States Forest Service used the DC-3 for smoke jumping and general transportation until the last example was retired in December 2015. A number of aircraft companies attempted to design a "DC-3 replacement" over the next three decades (including the very successful Fokker F27 Friendship), but no single type could match the versatility, rugged reliability, and economy of the DC-3. While newer airliners soon replaced it on longer high-capacity routes, it remained a significant part of air transport systems well into the 1970s as a regional airliner before being replaced by early regional jets. DC-3 in the 21st century C-47A operating in South Africa, 2006 , previously flew for the Royal New Zealand Air Force and New Zealand's National Airways Corporation. Perhaps unique among prewar aircraft, the DC-3 continues to fly in active commercial and military service as of 2025, ninety years after the type's first flight in 1935, although the number is dwindling due to expensive maintenance and a lack of spare parts. There are small operators with DC-3s in revenue service and as cargo aircraft or as air charters. Applications of the DC-3 have included passenger service, aerial spraying, freight transport, military transport, missionary flying, skydiver shuttling and sightseeing. There have been a very large number of civil and military operators of the DC-3/C-47 and related types, which would have made it impracticable to provide a comprehensive listing of all operators. A common saying among aviation enthusiasts and pilots is "the only replacement for a DC-3 is another DC-3". Its ability to use grass or dirt runways makes it popular in developing countries or remote areas, where runways may be unpaved. The oldest surviving DST is N133D, the sixth Douglas Sleeper Transport built, manufactured in 1936. This aircraft was delivered to American Airlines on 12 July 1936 as NC16005. In 2011 it was at Shell Creek Airport, Punta Gorda, Florida. It has been repaired and has been flying again, with a recent flight on 25 April 2021. The oldest DC-3 still flying is the original American Airlines Flagship Detroit (c/n 1920, the 43rd aircraft off the Santa Monica production line, delivered on 2 March 1937), which appears at airshows around the United States and is owned and operated by the Flagship Detroit Foundation. In 2023, flying DC-3s can be bought from $400,000-$700,000. As of 2024, the Basler BT-67 with additions to handle cold weather and snow runways was used in Antarctica, including regularly landing at the South Pole during the austral summer. Original operators ==Variants==

Civil ;DST :Douglas Sleeper Transport; the initial variant with two Wright R-1820 Cyclone engines and standard sleeper accommodation for up to 16 with small upper windows, convertible to carry up to 24 day passengers. ;DST-A :DST with Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp engines ;DC-3 :Initial non-sleeper variant; with 21 day-passenger seats, Wright R-1820 Cyclone engines, no upper windows. ;DC-3A :DC-3 with Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp engines. ;DC-3B :Version of DC-3 for TWA, with two Wright R-1820 Cyclone engines and smaller convertible sleeper cabin forward with fewer upper windows than DST. ; Super DC-3 (C-117D) in Anchorage, Alaska :Designation for ex-military C-47, C-53, and R4D aircraft rebuilt by Douglas Aircraft in 1946, given new manufacturer numbers, and sold on the civil market; Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engines. ;DC-3D :Designation for 28 new aircraft completed by Douglas in 1946 with unused components from the cancelled USAAF C-117 production line; Pratt & Whitney R-1830 engines. ; :Also known as Super DC-3, substantially redesigned DC-3 with fuselage lengthened by ; outer wings of a different shape with squared-off wingtips and shorter span; distinctive taller rectangular tail; and fitted with more powerful Pratt & Whitney R-2000 or Wright R-1820 Cyclone engines. Five completed by Douglas for civil use using existing surplus secondhand airframes. Three Super DC-3s were operated by Capital Airlines 1950–1952. Designation also used for examples of the 100 R4Ds that had been converted by Douglas to this standard for the U.S. Navy as R4D-8s (later designated C-117Ds), all fitted with more powerful Wright R-1820 Cyclone engines, some of which entered civil use after retirement from military service. Military ;C-41, C-41A :The C-41 was the first DC-3 to be ordered by the USAAC and was powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-1830-21 engines. It was delivered in October 1938 for use by United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) chief General Henry H. Arnold with the passenger cabin fitted out in a 14-seat VIP configuration. The C-41A was a single VIP DC-3A supplied to the USAAC in September 1939, also powered by R-1830-21 engines; and used by the Secretary of War. The forward cabin converted to sleeper configuration with upper windows similar to the DC-3B. ;C-48 :Various DC-3A and DST models; 36 impressed as C-48, C-48A, C-48B, and C-48C :*C-481 impressed ex-United Airlines DC-3A :*C-48A3 impressed DC-3As with 18-seat interiors :*C-48B16 impressed ex-United Airlines DST-A air ambulances with 16-berth interiors :*C-48C16 impressed DC-3As with 21-seat interiors : ;C-49 :Various DC-3 and DST models; 138 impressed into service as C-49, C-49A, C-49B, C-49C, C-49D, C-49E, C-49F, C-49G, C-49H, C-49J, and C-49K ;C-50 :Various DC-3 models, fourteen impressed as C-50, C-50A, C-50B, C-50C, and C-50D ;C-51 :One impressed aircraft originally ordered by Canadian Colonial Airlines, with starboard-side door ;C-52 :DC-3A aircraft with R-1830 engines, five impressed as C-52, C-52A, C-52B, C-52C, and C-52D ;C-68 :Two DC-3As impressed with 21-seat interiors ;C-84 :One impressed DC-3B aircraft ;Dakota II :British Royal Air Force designation for impressed DC-3s ;LXD1 :A single DC-3 supplied for evaluation by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAS) ;R4D-2 :Two Eastern Air Lines DC-3-388s impressed into United States Navy (USN) service as VIP transports, later designated R4D-2F and later R4D-2Z ;R4D-4 :Ten DC-3As impressed for use by the USN ;R4D-4R :Seven DC-3s impressed as staff transports for the USN ;R4D-4Q :Radar countermeasures version of R4D-4 for the USN ;XCG-17 :Experimental assault glider, one converted Conversions at the 1978 Farnborough Airshow. This aircraft saw service in both the Arctic and Antarctica ;Dart-Dakota: for BEA test services, powered by two Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop engines ;Mamba-Dakota: A single conversion for the Ministry of Supply, powered by two Armstrong-Siddeley Mamba turboprop engines ;Airtech DC-3/2000 :DC-3/C-47 engine conversion by Airtech Canada, first offered in 1987. Powered by two PZL ASz-62IT radial engines. ;Basler BT-67 :DC-3/C-47 conversion with a stretched fuselage, strengthened structure, modern avionics, and powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT-6A-67R turboprop engines ;BSAS C-47TP Turbo Dakota :A South African C-47 conversion for the South African Air Force by Braddick Specialised Air Services, with two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-65R turboprop engines, revised systems, stretched fuselage, and modern avionics ;Conroy Turbo-Three :One DC-3/C-47 converted by Conroy Aircraft with two Rolls-Royce Dart Mk. 510 turboprop engines ;Conroy Super-Turbo-Three :Same as the Turbo Three but converted from a Super DC-3 (one converted) ;Conroy Tri-Turbo-Three :Conroy Turbo Three further modified by the removal of the two Rolls-Royce Dart engines and their replacement by three Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6s (one mounted on each wing and one in the nose) ;Greenwich Aircraft Corp Turbo Dakota DC-3 :DC-3/C-47 conversion with a stretched fuselage, strengthened wing center section, updated systems, and powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-65AR turboprop engines ;TS-62 :Douglas-built C-47s fitted with Russian Shvetsov ASh-62 radial engines after World War II due to shortage of American engines in the Soviet Union. Some TS-62s featured a small extra cockpit window on the left side. ;TS-82 :Similar to TS-62, but with Shvetsov ASh-82 radial engines. ;USAC DC-3 Turbo Express :A turboprop conversion by the United States Aircraft Corporation, fitting Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-45R turboprop engines with an extended forward fuselage to maintain center of mass. First flight of the prototype conversion, (N300TX), was on July 29, 1982. Military and foreign derivatives ;Douglas C-47 Skytrain and C-53 Skytrooper :Production military DC-3A variants ;Showa and Nakajima L2D :Developments manufactured under license in Japan by Nakajima and Showa for the IJNAS; 487 built ;Lisunov Li-2 and PS-84 :Developments manufactured under license in the USSR; 4,937 built ==Accidents and incidents==

Douglas C-47-DL serial number 41-7723 is on display at Pima Air & Space Museum near Tucson, Arizona. The aircraft was previously displayed at the United States Air Force Museum. A decommissioned DC-3 is part of the seating area at a McDonald's in Taupō, New Zealand. A DC-3 has been converted into an exhibit at Madurodam, The Netherlands. A DC-3 was deliberately submerged in July 2009 for divers in Kaş, Antalya. A DC-3 (Delta Ship 41) is on display at the Delta Flight Museum in Atlanta, Georgia. The forward fuselage of a 1943 C-47A-85-DL is on display at Thompson Memorial Field in Pittsfield, Maine. A DC-3 named Betty is on display atop the main factory location for The Roasterie Coffee Company on Southwest Boulevard, Kansas City MO. A DC-3 is on display in Otočac, Croatia. C-47B-15-DK (manufactured in 1944 as 15112/26557), ex-RAF Dakota Mk.IV KK107, from 1952 - 1972 Armée de l'air 349296 F-RAVA, in 1972 sold to Yugoslav Air Force (JRV) as 71255. In 1977 donated to the local club Krila Gacke in Otočac. ==Specifications (DC-3A-S1C3G)==

==Notable appearances in media==

restaurant in New Zealand. Due to the large number produced; Golden Age of Aviation and World War II significance; and nearly a century of service in passenger, cargo, and military roles throughout the world; the aircraft maintains significant popular interest and has appeared in numerous works of fiction. ==See also==