Dryopteridaceae

The rhizomes are often stout, creeping, ascending, or erect, and sometimes scandent or climbing, with nonclathrate scales at apices. Fronds are usually monomorphic, less often dimorphic, or sometimes scaly or glandular, but less commonly hairy. Petioles have numerous round, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, or rarely as few as three; the adaxial bundles are largest. Veins are pinnate or forking, free to variously anastomosing; the areoles occur with or without included veinlets; sori are usually round, acrostichoid (covering the entire abaxial surface of the lamina) in a few lineages; usually indusiate, or sometimes exindusiate. Indusia, when present, are round-reniform or peltate. Sporangia have three-rowed, short to long stalks; spores are reniform, monolete, perine or winged. ==Taxonomy==

History In 1990, Karl U. Kramer and coauthors defined the Dryopteridaceae broadly to include the present family, as well as the Woodsiaceae sensu lato, Onocleaceae, and most of Tectariaceae. • Subfamily Polybotryoideae H.M.Liu & X.C.Zhang • Cyclodium C.Presl • Maxonia C.Chr. • Olfersia Raddi • Polybotrya Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. • Polystichopsis (J.Sm.) Holttum • Stigmatopteris C.Chr. • Trichoneuron Ching • Subfamily Elaphoglossoideae (Pic.Serm.) Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel • Arthrobotrya J.Sm. • Bolbitis Schott • Elaphoglossum Schott ex J.Sm. • Lastreopsis Ching • Lomagramma J.Sm. • Megalastrum Holttum • Mickelia R.C.Moran, Labiak & Sundue • Parapolystichum (Keyserl.) Ching • Pleocnemia C.Presl • Rumohra Raddi • Teratophyllum Mett. ex Kuhn • Subfamily Dryopteridoideae Link • Arachniodes Blume • Ctenitis (C.Chr.) C.Chr. • Cyrtomium C.Presl • Dryopteris Adans. • Phanerophlebia C.Presl • Polystichum Roth • Stenolepia Didymochlaena has been removed to Didymochlaenaceae, and Hypodematium and Leucostegia to Hypodematiaceae. Aenigmopteris has at times been suggested to belong to this family, on the grounds of its morphological similarity to Ctenitis, but molecular phylogeny has led to its submersion within Tectaria (Tectariaceae). Dryopolystichum has been placed in Lomariopsidaceae. ==References==