Juan Pablo Duarte

Duarte was born on January 26, 1813 in Santo Domingo, Captaincy General of Santo Domingo Duarte was born into a middle-class family that was dedicated to maritime trade and hardware in the port area of Santo Domingo. His father was Juan José Duarte Rodríguez, a Peninsular from Vejer de la Frontera, Kingdom of Seville, Spain, and his mother was Manuela Díez Jiménez from El Seibo, Captaincy General of Santo Domingo; three of Duarte's grandparents were Europeans. Duarte had 9 siblings: his eldest brother, Vicente Celestino Duarte (1802–1865), a tall, long-haired brunette man, was a store owner, woodcutter and cattle rancher who was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico; one of Duarte's sisters was Rosa Protomártir Duarte (1820–1888), a performer who collaborated with him within the Independence movement. In 1801, the Duarte family migrated from Santo Domingo to Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. They were evading the unrest caused by the Haitian Revolution on the island. Many Dominican families left the island during this period. At the time, Puerto Rico was still a Spanish colony, and Mayagüez, being so close to Hispaniola, across the Mona Passage, had become a refuge for wealthy migrants from Santo Domingo. Migrants such as the Duartes and other natives born on the Spanish side who did not accept Haitian dictatorship, moved there. Toussaint Louverture, governor of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti), a former colony of France located on the western third of Hispaniola, arrived to the capital of Santo Domingo the previous year and proclaimed the end of slavery (although the changes were not permanent). At the time, France and Saint-Domingue (the western third of the island), were going through exhaustive social movements, namely, the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution. In occupying the Spanish side of the island, Louverture was using the previous agreements between the governments of France and Spain in the Peace of Basel signed in 1795, which had given the Spanish area to France. Louverture wanted to convert the old Spanish institutions to French and re-establish the plantation economy on both sides of the island. Upon arrival in Santo Domingo Norte, Louverture immediately sought to abolish slavery in Dominican territory. Ultimately, slavery was abolished in 1822 during the Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo. Most scholars assume that the Duartes' first son, Vicente Celestino, was born on the eastern side of the Mona Passage. The family returned to Santo Domingo in 1809, after the Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo, led by governor-general Juan Sánchez Ramírez, that crushed French rule in Santo Domingo, returning it to Spanish rule. In 1819, Duarte enrolled in Manuel Aybar's school where he learned reading, writing, grammar and arithmetic. Due to the closure of the university by the Haitian authorities, he became a disciple of Juan Vicente Moscoso from whom he obtained his higher education in Latin, philosophy and law. After the Moscoso's exile to Cuba, he was succeeded by the priest Gaspar Hernández. ==Ephemeral Independence==

First Dominican independence, 1821 from 1821 to 1822. In December 1821, when Duarte was eight years old, members of a Creole elite of Santo Domingo's capital proclaimed its independence from Spanish rule, calling themselves Haití Español. Historians today call this elite's brief courtship with sovereignty the Ephemeral Independence. The most prominent leader of the coup against Spanish colonial government was one of its former supporters, José Núñez de Cáceres. These individuals were tired of being ignored by the Crown, and some were also concerned with the new liberal turn in Madrid. The 1820s was a time of profound political changes throughout the entire Spanish Atlantic World, which directly affected the lives of the middle-class like the Duartes. It began with the conflict period between Spanish royalists and liberals in the Iberian Peninsula, which is known today as Trienio Liberal. American patriots in arms, like Simón Bolívar in South America, immediately reaped the fruits of Spain's destabilization, and began pushing back colonial troops. Even conservative elites in New Spain (like Agustín de Iturbide in Mexico), who had no intention of being ruled by Spanish anticlericals, moved to break ties with the Spanish crown. Many others in Santo Domingo wanted independence from Spain. Inspired by the revolution and independence on the island, Dominicans mounted a number of movements and conspiracies against slavery and colonialism, from 1809 to 1821. The Cáceres' provisional government requested support from Simón Bolivar's new government, but their petition was ignored due to the internal conflicts of the Gran Colombia. Annexation by Haiti Meanwhile, a plan for unification with Haiti grew stronger. Haitian politicians wanted to keep the island out of the hands of European imperial powers and sought to find a way to safeguard the Haitian Revolution . Haiti's President, Jean-Pierre Boyer, sent an army that took over the eastern portion of Hispaniola. The Spaniards residing in Santo Domingo, especially those of Catalan origin, welcomed the country's incorporation into the Republic of Haiti. Thus, when Boyer arrived in the city at the head of his troops, the Spanish traders sent him a letter in which they adhered to the new order that was implemented. Duarte's father was one of the Spanish merchants in the city who refused to sign the document and, according to several documents, chose to get involved in separatist conspiracies during the initial years of Haitian domination, though that movement never materialized. On January 6, 1823, Boyer decreed that all young men between the ages of 16 and 25 would be drafted into the Haitian army. This measure caused the University of Santo Domingo to lose its students close its doors. On November 14, 1824, Boyer established French as the official, sole and obligatory language in the acts of the Courts, the Civil Registry and public notaries throughout the island. Struggles between Boyer and the old colonial helped produce a migration of planters and elite. Following the bourgeoisie custom of sending promising sons abroad for education, the Duartes sent Juan Pablo to the United States and Europe in 1828 . Revolutionary origins On the way to the United States and Europe, Duarte was accompanied by Pablo Pujols, a Catalan merchant who was also a family friend of the Duartes. Pujols had lived in the area for some time and agreed to be young Duarte's tutor. However, as Duarte boarded the ship, the captain reproached the two travelers because the Spanish part of the island was now living under Haitian domination. He even asserted that he would only board them if Duarte told him that he felt no shame in being "Haitian". Although Duarte responded that he was Dominican, the captain harshly boasted that the Dominicans were cowards for submitting to the Haitian yoke, and therefore, was undeserving of an identity, expressing: "You have no name, because neither you nor your parents deserve to have one, because, cowardly and servile, they bow their heads under the time of their slaves." This moment completely moved the still teenaged Duarte, who would readdress years later that these humiliating words led him at that very moment resolve to fight for Dominican Independence. He then assured the captain that he would not rest until his people were free. ==Era of Enlightenment==

Duarte left the country for the first as a teenager. Before coming to Europe, where he would go to study, he spent a brief time in the United States. Although it is believed that he entered North America through New York, another version indicates that he did so through Providence, Rhode Island, on July 2, 1829, and that from there he went to New York. There, he studied English, a language Mr. Groot had introduced him to in Santo Domingo. In addition, as mentioned by Rosa Duarte in Notes, he began to study Universal Geography with Mr. W. Davis, who gave him classes at his home. According to historian Pedro Troncoso Sánchez, while in Southampton, England, Duarte would study philosophy, history, law, political science and geography. From Southampton, he continued on to France, where he arrived at Le Havre and then traveled to Paris. It was here that he perfected his French, a language first introduced to him by Monsieur Bruat in Sano Domingo. While attending a banquet in Hamburg through a lodge called Oriente, he was introduced to Freemasonry, absorbing the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity. In Europe, engulfed in the era of romanticism, liberalism, nationalism and utopian socialism, numerous political and social events had shook several European nations in the second and third decades of the 19th century. After Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808, Duarte was curious to learn of the events in Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Mexico, further influencing his liberal ideals towards his own country. Duarte presumably knew that the Spanish soldier and politician Rafael del Riego had fought against the French occupation of Spain in 1808. The Spanish events of 1808 and the circumstances around the death of General Riego in 1823 were presumably discussed upon his arrival in Spain in 1828. Also upon Duarte's arrival in Spain, the events of the Liberal Triennium (1820–1823) were still fresh. The fight for independence in America, the support of Ferdinand VII for the return to absolutism and the invasion of the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis sponsored by the Holy Alliance, caused the collapse of the liberal government and the return to absolutism on October 1, 1823. When Duarte was in Spain, the events of the July Revolution of 1830 occurred in Paris. The figure of the Spanish liberal José de Espronceda was disseminated in the trenches. This allowed liberalism in France to achieve victory against the conservatives who advocated that the Bourbons will continue with the absolutist regime. According to military historian Rafael Percival Peña, Duarte also acquired military training during his time in Spain. While in Europe, Duarte understood that the Dominican people had their own identity as well as the absolute right to bring about political independence. Since the beginning of the 16th century, the Dominicans, despite economic disadvantages, had a history of rebelling and winning battles against Dutch, British, French and Spanish forces (the latter two of which were expelled from Santo Domingo by Dominican rebels in 1809 and 1821 respectively). Duarte firmly believed that the Dominicans would now have to rebel against the Haitians. Upon the success of this goal, the newly independent nation would be organized on the basis of the institutionalization of representative democracy. Having formalized these ideals, Duarte returned to his homeland in 1833. From Barcelona, he arrived in Puerto Rico, then to Saint Thomas, and finally to his native country. Duarte returned to his hometown of Santo Domingo and devoted himself to implementing his newly formed ideals while working in his father's business. According to historian Orlando Inoa, and backed by records from the Grand Oriente of Haiti chartered lodge Constante Union No. 8, Duarte became a free-mason at the legal age of 21. He was said to have been appointed as the Architect Decorator of this lodge. It is believed by some historians that some of his key collaborators were also members of this lodge. Duarte joined the Haitian National Guard and furthered his military training and studied the military tactics of occupying forces, where he reached the rank of colonel. Duarte lead an intense social life that allowed him to come into contact with many important sectors of urban communities. He witnessed marriages, sponsors, baptisms and attended cultural meetings. His societal experiences helped him realize that the general population was increasingly patriotic to Dominican ideals and that there was a historic movement of reluctance towards the increasingly despotic Haitian rule. Duarte's ideas were echoed within the middle class. For four consecutive years, from 1834 to 1838, he offered language and mathematics classes to a group of young people who went every afternoon to a warehouse on La Atarazana street. Duarte's popularity grew and many of his disciples began to feel a strong attachment to him. In a short time, the La Atarazana warehouse became the headquarters of a revolutionary movement. Duarte's teachings sought to separate the Dominican and Haitian parts of the island. These ideas were enthusiastically received by his students. ==Struggle for independence==

Thanks to Duarte, a traditionalist reaction led by young people headed toward the formation of a democratic-revolutionary nucleus. The repudiation of oppression, without commitment to the past, made them receptive to Duarte's preaching. Under the guidance of Duarte, a revolutionary organization formed years later. These activities were strengthened upon the arrival of Peruvian priest Gaspar Hernández, who was appointed parish priest of San Carlos in 1842. Hernandez, with high intellectual training, organized a philosophy study group but ultimately had no responsibility in the patriotic and revolutionary leadership as he was a supporter of the return to Spanish rule. Founding of La Trinitaria On July 16, 1838, on Arzobispo Nouel Street in front of the Church of Carmen) Duarte and others established a secret patriotic society called La Trinitaria, which helped undermine Haitian occupation. Named after the Holy Trinity, this movement was described by his sister Rosa as a youth movement due to the age of its participants. Some of its first members included Juan Isidro Pérez, Pedro Alejandro Pina, Jacinto de la Concha, Félix María Ruiz, José María Serra, Benito González, Felipe Alfau and Juan Nepomuceno Ravelo. La Trinitaria was an organization that had no precedent in the country. This was the first revolutionary group animated by a political doctrine, with both a program and an organizational system in this area. Its justification lay in realizing the objective that Duarte had preached: overthrowing Haitian rule to found an independent State. As can be read in the oath, the entity was organized around fidelity to the person of Duarte. The teachings of the founding father summarized the doctrine and program of the society. The Trinitarian movement, said his sister Rosa Duarte, was known as the "boys' revolution" because of the age of its constituents. Conservatives viewed them with distrust and ridicule for their disinterested idealism. They coined the derogatory neologism "filorios", a word that came from philosophers, which meant to denote that they were romantics lacking realism. Contrary to this vision, Duarte provided La Trinitaria with the practical and organizational resources necessary to achieve its objectives. You can associate La Trinitaria with the Masonic tradition and the libertarian organizations of the Mediterranean countries that advocated the implementation of liberal regimes, such as the Carbonarians of Italy. Its main distinguishing feature was the secrecy that was to guide the activities. It was equipped with a cellular organization, according to which each nucleus of conspirators had to exist as a body independent of the rest. It was conceived, therefore, as a chain of conspirators that converged in the first initiates: each of them had to create a cell with two more members and, in turn, each of these created other cells with the incorporation of two new adepts. But each member only had to know the members of the cells to which he belonged. La Filantrópica and La Dramática Later, Duarte and others founded a society called La Filantrópica, which had a more public presence, seeking to spread veiled ideas of liberation through theatrical stages. This group went by the motto Peace, Union, and Friendship. Some of their plays included: Free Rome by Italian playwright Vittorio Alfieri, La Viuda de Padilla by Francisco Martínez de la Rosa, A Day of the year 23 in Cádiz by Eugenio de Ochoa. The Haitian governor, Bernard-Philippe-Alexis Carrié, at first, wasn't suspicious, so he ignored the performances. When the public flocked to the theater with enthusiasm and the when actors caused delirium in the audience, Alexis Carrié was alerted by his spies. The first impulse of the occupation authorities was to suspend the activities of the movement and close the theater. After Alexis Carrié was notified and several failed attempts, the unsatisfied Trinitarios founded a new society, La Dramática. In this society, all the members devoted themselves to acting. A fire in Port-au-Prince that left it in ruins in January 1843 and political unrest combined with shortages and economic-commercial crisis accompanied The catastrophes. Nearly two weeks after Boyer's resignation, news reached Santo Domingo about Boyer's fall. Following this, a mobilization of the Trinitarios and the Haitian liberals residing in the city hurled into the streets in repudiation of despotism and hailed Dominican triumph. The conservatives, however, were disturbed by this union, accusing Duarte of being "Colombian," alluding to the prior independence leader, José Núñez de Caceres. In response to this, Duarte strongly emphasized that he was not seeking independence, but reformation. Duarte, who wanted to carry out his plan discretely, alluded to this so that he would not have to publicly speak of the true conditions of proclamation for independence. Divergences soon emerged between the Haitian and Dominican liberals. When holding elections for legislative representatives, three parties competed: the Dominican conservatives, the Dominican liberals and the Haitian liberals. Despite the tepid relationship that the Trinidadians had with the populace, they triumphed in these elections because they embodied the desire for Dominican freedom. Additionally, days before requesting Haitian authorities write the official documents in Spanish, the Dominicans demanded that they would not be treated as a conquered people. This alerted Haitian liberals about what the Dominicans were after. Despite the struggle between liberals and conservatives, some conservatives understood that it was necessary to reach an agreement with the Trinitarios, since the liberals alone lacked the strength to break ties with Haiti. Meetings were held between Duarte and conservative personalities in search of unity of action. The conservatives demanded concessions contrary to Dominican sovereignty that Duarte considered inadmissible, and the negotiations reached a stalemate. The Trinitarios, however, continued to try to gather support and refused to renounce unity, as long as the objective of a fully independent State was maintained. Duarte himself, in the work of the Popular Board, managed to incorporate the brothers Ramón and Pedro Santana. These were two of the most influential landowners in the eastern region and were recognized for their opposition to the Haitian yoke. Duarte spoke with a patrioticly incline Ramón Santana. Ramón was asked to be named colonel, but declined. He had understood that the position would correspond to his brother Pedro who had an aptness for command. Duarte later sent Sánchez to ratify the agreement, as he was a personal friend of the Santana brothers. This shows that, despite the dispute between the Trinitarians and the French, agreements were made between all parties involved. ==Birth of a new nation==

First exile and declaration of independence This alliance of purposes did not last long. Duarte's true intentions reached Charles Rivière-Hérard, who responded with the call of repression of the revolutionaries on the eastern side of the island. The fights started as a result of these differences produced the reaction of the new Haitian government and under the command of Hérard. He launched an offensive against the Trinitarios, commanding two battalions that accompanied him from the city of Port-au-Prince. Eventually, Duarte had received information from one of his "repentant persecutors" that there was a price on his head. The informer suggested that he leave Santo Domingo and relayed that the Haitian government would pay three thousand pesos and bestow the rank of colonel to the captor "for the leader of the revolution". Many believed that the amount of the offer was low. Duarte and Pedro Alejandrino Pina left the Pedro Cote residence, in the company of Juan Alejandro Acosta and one other unidentified friend. Duarte was proclaimed General in Chief of the Armies of the Republic. The Government, however, appointed him Brigadier General and Member of the Central Government Junta. Duarte began developing a Constitution, which he ultimately left unfinished to join the army and face the Haitians in the Battle of Azua, on March 19, 1844. During the development of this battle, contradictions began between Santana and Duarte. Santana, an influential herd owner, had little military experience and this was the first time facing such a powerful army. Duarte considered it imperative to obtain a resounding military success against the Haitians, and asked to be appointed to the southern front, where he was assigned as a general associated with Santana. Already in Baní, Duarte advocated an offensive tactic that was rejected by Santana, who preferred defensive military postures. Duarte's subordinate officers encouraged him to take the offensive on his own, ignoring Santana's position, but he preferred to follow the instructions of the Government Board. Given the disagreements with Santana, on April 4, the Board summoned him back to Santo Domingo, in obvious disapproval of his position. Despite that, Santana defeated the Haitians in the development of this battle. News reached the capital city that the Haitians were advancing towards the Cibao area. On March 30, 1844, the Battle of Santiago took place and after long hours of combat, the Dominican forces inflicted a crushing defeat on Haitian forces. A critical part of Duarte's draft was the Powers of the State, whose division would be in tripartite form in three parts, putting the Municipal Power together with the Legislative, judicial and Executive powers. It was intended to prevent rulers from making use of unlimited power, which could harm majorities. In May 1844, the Trinitarios initiated the plan to overthrow the members of the Central Government Board as they endangered national sovereignty. As part of the project, on May 31, 1844, Duarte and a group of his followers began a plan to take positions of power in the emerging Dominican Republic, as it had fallen into the hands of conservative groups represented by the President of the Central Government Board, Tomás Bobadilla, who favored the idea that the Nation should become a protectorate of France. Duarte's short stay in Germany can be attributed to his interest in being as close to his homeland as possible. On November 30, 1844, Duarte moved to the Caribbean island of Saint Thomas, where he rejected offers to enter the service of Haiti or Spain to oppose Santana. From there, he moved to La Guaira, Venezuela, where his entire family, now plunged into misery, had also been exiled by Santana. ==Life in Venezuela==

In the first years of Duarte's arrival in Venezuela, the country was torn between various political interests. Military veterans of the Venezuelan War of Independence exerted strong pressure to take power believing that their participation in the war had earned them political offices. José Antonio Páez (first President of the Republic), Carlos Soublette and the brothers José Tadeo Monagas and José Gregorio Monagas were among the proponents. The newly formed Liberal Party were civilian merchants and intellectuals who promoted ideas to develop the country according to liberal ideas, especially in economics; Antonio Leocadio Guzmán and Tomás Lander, founders of the party and controversial propagandists of liberal ideas, were popular figures in the movement. The landowners that were responsible for agricultural and livestock production were a third party seeking power. They became known as Conservatives and used their economic power to back their claims. Conservative or Liberal affiliations were mixed at times with the conservatives adopting overly liberal measures that actual Liberals would publicly confront the about. The "Wait and Quit," law of April 10, 1834 was pushed by Conservatives. It left commercial transactions in the hands of the parties without effective intervention from the State which went on to ruin a considerable number of landowners and merchants on either side. This strong political confrontation was expressed in popular demonstrations and protests in the streets of the main cities and in the fields. In the cities, arrests, persecution and confiscation of property and, in the countryside, uprisings, riots and guerrillas, causing contention and anxiety throughout the populace. It has been said that throughout the 19th century, Venezuela experienced a single civil war with a few fleeting moments of calm. Faced with such political instability and pressure by the Dominican government, Duarte decided not to commit himself to Venezuelan politics and directed his course towards the town of San Carlos de Río Negro (today a Municipality of the Amazonas state) with a clear intention of going unnoticed. Achaguas Later, Duarte settled in Achaguas, a city with buildings made of mud and bahareque cane, on the banks of the Apure River, where he remained for some years. There, he began a new life among friends who spoke Portuguese. In Achaguas, Marcelino Muñoz befrineded Duarte and joined him in defending the landowner's demands to transform Venezuela until 1856, when Muñoz suddenly passed. At his funeral, Duarte delivered an elegy reproduced in the pamphlet "Posthumous Honors of Mr. Marcelino Muñoz," included as an appendix in the booklet "Contributions to a Bibliography on the State of Apure," written by Argenis Méndez Echenique. San Fernando de Apure After the death of Muñez, perhaps fleeing the devastation caused by the Federal War, Duarte moved to the capital city of San Fernando de Apure. He visited other towns on the Apureña plains, probably accompanying Sangenis in his ministry, who upon confirming his faith and attachment to religious and philosophical disciplines, invited him to embrace an ecclesiastical career. Duarte replied to Sangenis in a letter to his family: "He wanted me to dedicate myself to the Church, but the affairs of my country, which I hoped to conclude, prevented me from taking that status." Duarte's family rejoiced when receiving the letter as they were relieved to have heard from their lost relative after so many years. Family and studies Rosa Duarte's diary does not record anything between 1846 and 1862. She was surely not interested in returning to the country under the conditions of conservative hegemony, when politics did not correspond to her ideals. Juan Pablo was the only one of the Trinitarios expelled in 1844 who did not return after the amnesty of 1848, and his memory was erased from public consciousness or was surrounded by an image stigmatized by the accusations made against him by Santana and Bobadilla. Duarte's family in Venezuela lived and worked in an affluent area. Duarte's cousin Manuel Diez became vice president of the country and helped shelter his kinsman. Duarte's family was known to produce candles, a major retail and wholesale product o the time. While not luxuriously rich, an income was available for the Duarte's. Duarte, even though he and his family were already residents of the country, felt ambivalent about openly participating in the country's political life despite the fact that his cousin Manuel Antonio Díez from the vice presidency, went on to become President of Venezuela in an Ad Tempore capacity. Duarte's travels in Venezuela involved studying the indigenous people and learning from the black and mulatto communities as well as observing as much as he could of the Venezuela of his time. Duarte previous experience as a soldier, teacher, linguist and educator helped him survive but also marked him as an outsider. His Caribbean upbringing meant that he likely sounded much different than the Spanish speakers around him. Throughout his travels he was constantly moved by his current surroundings and the events around him. The longing he had for his homeland coupled with the hardships he faced would have left very little time for a long term wife, children or true stability. ==Restoration of Dominican independence==

Prelude to annexation . Within the 17 years of the First Republic, the nation was ravaged with political and economic instability. On numerous occasions the Haitians attempted to regain control over the Dominican part of the island but were repeatedly defeated. Political power passed to the conservatives and former Frenchified boyerista officials thanks to the control of the Central Government Board led by Bobadilla and of the Liberation Army by dictator General Santana. As time progressed, the constant power struggle between Santana and Buenaventura Báez, who was revealed as more cunning and no less annexationist than the former, set the stage for a period of political and economic chaos. Duarte preferred complete isolation to any concession. Politics had to be guided by noble purposes or it would be distorted. Consequently, politics implied high ideals, reflection and action for the benefit of the community. Above all things, politics was equivalent to patriotism. Duarte's notion of a free country, which was conceived in the willingness to sacrifice in favor of the principles and the well-being of the people, was the opposite of what was commonly considered as politics: the struggle for power. Assistance from Venezuela Although many aspects of his life in Venezuela remain unknown, it is certain that Duarte did not abandon his inclination to action. When sensing danger approaching his country, he did not hesitate to present himself. He learned of the annexation of the Dominican Republic to Spain on March 1861, a year after it happened, and moved to Caracas in August 1862. During the following months, he remained mainly in expectation. Some argue that Duarte felt regret for the country, since apparently the majority of the population accepted Santana's betrayal. It was when the Dominican Restoration War broke out in August 1863 that Duarte started moving. His sister's diary stated that on December 20, 1863, he moved to Caracas with his uncle Mariano Diez. As soon as he found out that the people had begun the fight against Spanish domination, Duarte formed a revolutionary center in Caracas. His brother Vicente Celestino, his uncle Mariano Diez, the young poet Manuel Rodríguez Objío and Candelario Oquendo joined him. Several Venezuelans were interested in supporting the Dominican cause, those who stood against Blas and Manuel Bruzual 'The Fearless Soldier'. President Juan Crisóstomo Falcón of Venezuela received Duarte and promised him help, despite the difficult several years of federal war. Duarte's help was only minimal, since the matter was left in the hands of the vice president, Antonio Guzmán Blanco, (future autocrat of Venezuela), who was not interested in helping the Dominicans. Duarte reflected that Venezuelans were no different from Dominicans. Apparently, he only received a thousand pesos from the Venezuelan government. Many Dominicans came to support Duarte's orders, but lacked funds to take meaningful action. Together with the four aforementioned companions, he was able to embark in Curaçao in route to his homeland in March 1864. Enduring a long voyage on the Gold Munster schooner, they returned to Guaira and passed through the Turks and Caicos Islands, where they had to evade the intense pursuit of a Spanish warship. From there, he arrived in Haiti, in the town of Cap-Haïtien, and made his way to the Dominican Republic. After 20 years of exile, he has returned to his homeland. Second return to Dominican Republic Duarte arrived in Monte Cristi on March 25, 1864, and immediately address the Restoration government. He was joyfully received by General Benito Monción, and the next day, they left for Guayubín. There he saw his old friend, Matías Ramón Mella, who had been appointed Vice President of the Provisional Government a few days before. Mella was bedridden and in a serious state, which distraught Duarte's. Duarte had special trust in Mella, as well as a close friendship. It was Mella that Duarte sent to Haiti to solidify the political alliance with the reformist Haitians who were fighting against Boyer, and it was Mella, once national independence was achieved, who proclaimed Duarte president of the Republic in Cibao. General José María Cabral, hero of the Battle of Santomé, was present at the emotional meeting. At the beginning of June, invested as Minister Plenipotentiary, Duarte left for Haiti and on April 28th, he arrived in Saint Thomas. He continued to Curaçao, where he remained for almost two months making enormous diplomatic efforts. In August, he returned to Caracas. He never again saw the Dominican Republic, the land that he always loved and for which he resignedly accepted the greatest sacrifices. After nearly two years of war, Spain annulled the annexation and called off its remaining troops. As a result, independence was restored, and by July 1865, Spanish forces were off the island. ==Final years==

Post-Restoration War Duarte closely followed the evolution of the Dominican Republic, as shown in the active correspondence he had during those months although he resigned from diplomatic representation following the overthrow of President Gaspar Polanco, who had released his credentials. He was above all concerned about how the country would be restructured after being annexed, this time in favor of the United States, which was promoted by Buenaventura Báez. He pointed out in a letter to Félix María Delmonte: From the end of 1865, Dominican politics moved away from the patriotic objectives stated during the Restoration. Most leaders who emerged from that war oriented toward anarchic and conservative positions. Duarte must have assessed the poverty of the political leadership, as he referenced it in another letter to Delmonte on May 2, 1865: Duarte was said to have experienced new disappointment when he saw that the old annexationist and architect of the Levasseur Plan of 1843, Buenaventura Báez, was elevated to the presidency by the then president, José María Cabral, champion of the Restoration in the south. Duarte then disassociated himself from Dominican politics. The country entered a whirlwind of passions between leaders and a difficult situation in which annexation to the United States was approved in 1870. Practically, everyone forgot about Duarte; Occasionally he received visits or correspondence from liberal intellectuals interested in the reconstruction of the events that led to the birth of the Republic. The first news of his death was announced through the Diario de Avisos, of Caracas, in the afternoon edition of July 15, 1876. The note states the following: Very few attended Duarte's funeral with the exceptions of family members, friends, and some immediate neighbors. Among the attendees were: Manuel Duarte, Enrique Duarte, José Ayala, Francisco Tejera, Federico Tejera, AS de Vizcarrondo, Marcos Guzmán, Felipe Tejera, Miguel Tejera and Andrés Tejera. ==Personal life==

Duarte's personal life to date is a subject of discussion. It is known that he was a poet who followed Romanticism and played the guitar, piano and flute; he also practiced fencing. Duarte was also a polyglot who spoke six languages: Spanish, Latin, Portuguese, French, English and German. During his youth, Duarte had several love affairs. His first relationship was with María Antonia Bobadilla, which she ended years later for unknown reasons. The Duarte Museum is said to have preserved the ring in which he gave to her as a sign of commitment. Years later, Duarte fell in love with Prudencia "Nona" Lluberes, a Catalan descendant with whom he formalized a relationship that was interrupted due to his exile and his subsequent suffering from tuberculosis. The dates on which Duarte maintained these relationships are not known, given the imprecision about his private life and the last years of his life in exile. Some historians also certify that he had a son during his stay in Venezuela with a woman named Marcela Mercedes. Jose Joaquin Perez Saviñon, director of the Duartiano Institute, commented on Duarte's first love story: "For unknown reasons, the engagement was broken." Duarte would have the opportunity to fall in love again, this time with a descendant of Catalans and a relative of various patriots, Prudencia Lluberes, La Nona. Troncoso Sánchez says in Apuntes Duartianos that "his second girlfriend received, like his first, his promise of marriage symbolized in a ring." Always persecuted by his ideals, Duarte loved, but could not continue with Prudencia "Nona" Lluberes. Pérez Saviñón comments that Yovanny Ferrúa wrote an article highlighting that already in exile, Duarte wanted to marry her by her power, but they did not let him because he already suffered from tuberculosis. "They even tore up the letters he sent her for fear of contagion from her, which is why Duarte's love letters are not preserved," says the president of the Duartiano Institute. Pérez Saviñón assures that Prudencia always hoped and dreamed of the Father of the country. She never married. Saviñón explained: While the country maintains the version that Duarte never married, much less that he had children, Bulletin 117 of the General Archive of the Nation, called "The Duarte family: Genealogy at the service of history," Antonio José Guerra Sánchez refers to the Theories of the descendants of Juan Pablo Duarte Díez. Guerra Sánchez says: However, he adds that it is unknown if there was a Vicenta Díez and even less is known of which of the brothers of the mother of the hero was her daughter. What is certain is that Duarte did not marry, and according to Pérez Saviñón he did not "because he clearly said that he had married the country, all his efforts were for the country. The love for the homeland was superior to everything, even though he was already a defeated old man, he still thought about the homeland. He sacrificed himself for his spirit of service." ==Writings==

Aside from his stature as a revolutionary leader, he was also known as a writer. Duarte did not pretend to be a poet, as Don Vetilio says, although he liked poetry as demonstrated by his published verses, including some saved poems, which he wrote when he was almost lost in the Venezuelan jungle. His poetry, as Ángela Peña points out, is "an extension of his patriotic and political work, even though there are poems of his in which he sings to women. It cannot be considered that the Father of the Nation was a poet. Literary creation was not a habit in his life. He wrote responding to the imperatives of the moment without having poetry as a constant and permanent way of expression." Among the known poems, written by Juan Pablo Duarte in Santo Domingo, are Tristezas de la noche, Santana, Canto de guerra, Antifona, El Criollo, Desconsuelo, Suplica, Himno, La Cartera del proscribado, and four other poems without titles. In his romantic production, the poem Romance, the theme of bitterness is evident. Remoteness portrays the stormy pain of feeling expatriated from her land along with her eight companions in misfortune, those who gave everything to see her free and sovereign: However, of the writings in his eventful years of exile, there are only a few verses without titles, contributed by the Venezuelan historian Francisco Manuel de las Heras y Borrero in his essay Juan Pablo Duarte in Venezuela, written while he lived in Chaguas: "Here the Patricio will participate in literary and social gatherings, avoiding overtly political ones, given his refugee status. (…). Duarte's presence in this geographical location is clearly identified in 1856, the year in which the first book published in Apure was published. These are the Posthumous Honors of Mr. Marcelino Muñoz (…). In the reviewed publication, a poem by Juan Pablo Duarte appears, dedicated to extolling the merits of the deceased, his friend, who was the president of the Masonic Sociedad Joven Achaguas, which Juan Pablo Duarte frequented." Here are the verses contributed by de las Heras and Borreros: ==Legacy and honors==

Symbol of Dominican independence Duarte was, in his time, the most consistent exponent of nationalist and independence ideas derived from the liberal principles of the American Revolution and French Revolution of 1776 and 1789, respectively. He was also the main promoter of national consciousness and permanent defender of the Dominican national identity. He advocated the union of all Dominicans as well as the establishment of a democratic republic based on the rule of the Constitution and the laws in order to fully guarantee the public rights and freedoms of citizens. Duarte was never in favor of violating democratic procedures to access political power and direct national destinies. He believed in national unity as an indispensable principle to prevent civil discord and the desires of foreign powers from causing his independence project to succumb. He is remembered with respect as "Father of the Dominican Republic" with preservation of his admirable patriotic legacy. Thanks to his revolutionary work, Dominicans today constitute their own ethnic and cultural community. Duarte was always willing to defend national sovereignty against the claims of those who "without judgment and without heart they conspire against the health of the country". Duarte managed to establish a free Republic which, through the voting process, could give rise to a democracy where all citizens could be equal and free. The study trips he made to Europe in his adolescence, a continent where liberal ideas resulting from the French Revolution were debated and imposed, greatly influenced his later attitudes in the independence struggles. His political thought and his magnificent feat in the independence struggles places him along with Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín, José Gervasio Artigas, Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, Antonio Maceo and José Martí. One of his most emblematic phrases was, "Living without a country is the same as living without honor!" This quote left a great mark on the Dominican people. Hostos left evidence in his intellectual work of the admiration and respect that the historical figure of the patrician inspired in him. In the book Visión de Hostos sobre Duarte, published in 2013 under the auspices of the General Archive of the Nation, several texts were brought together by the immortal author of Moral Social referring to the three fathers of the Dominican homeland, but with emphasis on Duarte. In The municipality of Santo Domingo - or ''The repatriation of Duarte's ashes'', as this short article can be titled - Hostos discusses the interest of the First City in bringing the remains of Duarte to the Dominican Republic: "For a long time now, Luperón and other patriots had asked public opinion for the repatriation of Duarte's ashes. They preached in the desert." It remains pending, for a later and more exhaustive investigation, to rescue a dramatic text that Hostos wrote in Chile alluding to Duarte's return to his homeland in March 1864, according to the information that the historian Emilio Rodríguez Demorizi records: "There [in Chile] he wrote the children's comedy ''Duarte's Arrival, not to Chile naturally, but to the distant homeland. His children play, warlike, Dominicans and Haitians, and he is excited like a child when the eldest of them, victorious, shows him with his index finger, on the highest branch of an olive tree, the Duarte flag." For the month of April 1894, funds were collected in Santo Domingo to erect the statue of the founder of the Republic, Juan Pablo Duarte. Generalissimo Máximo Gómez was in New York, where he was preparing to set off for Cuba to fight in the Cuban War of Independence, and decided to take a "parenthesis in revolutionary work to write to the director of Patria, by José Martí." (Patria'' was the Cuban revolutionary newspaper). In Gómez's letter, he requests the contribution of Cubans to "increase the funds (to) erect a statue of Juan Pablo Duarte worthy of his memory." Monuments Duarte birthplace was converted into a museum. The Duarte-Diez family lived there from their arrival in Santo Domingo until their exile. • Duarte's birth is commemorated by Dominicans every January 26 as a national holiday. • Many places in the Dominican Republic bear his name, among them the country's (and the Caribbean's) highest point, Pico Duarte. • The province of Duarte is named after him. • The Villa Duarte section in Santo Domingo is named in his honor. • Duarte is solely depicted on the one Dominican peso coin; he is also depicted on the 100 Dominican peso note alongside Sánchez and Mella. • A memorial to Duarte stands in Roger Williams Park in Providence, Rhode Island • Broad St. in Providence, Rhode Island co-named Juan Pablo Duarte Boulevard • In 1945, a plaza was dedicated to Duarte, Duarte Square, at the corner of 6th Avenue and Canal Street, in New York City. • A bronze statue to Duarte was erected at the intersection of 6th Avenue and Canal Street in New York City in 1978. • St. Nicholas Avenue in Manhattan is co-named Juan Pablo Duarte Boulevard from Amsterdam Avenue and West 162nd Street to the intersection of West 193rd Street and Fort George Hill. • [Puente Juan Pablo Duarte] is a suspension bridge that is located in Santo Domingo; it was named after him. • An athletic complex named in his honor, Centro Olímpico Juan Pablo Duarte, is currently under preservation. • Juan Pablo Duarte metro station is an underground interchange station located in the Santo Domingo Metro; it still carries his name. • A bust of Duarte at the Permanent Mission of the Dominican Republic to the Organization of American States was dedicated in 2010. • On February 24, 2011, in commemoration of the 167th anniversary of the national Dominican independence, a statue of Duarte was inaugurated in the Mário Soares Garden, in front of the Dominican embassy in Lisbon. • On September 4, 2023, the Dominican embassy in Egypt unveiled the first official bust of Duarte in the continent of Africa. It is located in the "La Libertad" park in Cairo. ==Works==

• Tristezas de la noche • Santana • Canto de guerra • Antífona • El Criollo • Desconsuelo • Suplica • Himno • La Cartera del procrito • Romántica ==See also==