Dudleya brevifolia

, demonstrating the minuscule size of this succulent|left This species is unique as the smallest member of the Dudleya. It is characterized by the ultimate leaf reduction in the genus, having the smallest and most divergent leaf type, which are often almost buried in the soil and connected to the stem by long petioles. This species is neotenous, with the adult leaves essentially remaining unchanged from the juvenile leaves. Morphology While the majority of species of Dudleya tend to have woody, above-ground stems, in this species the stem has been reduced to a subterranean, corm-like structure. This corm is elongate, and measures long by . Emerging from the corm are the rosettes of basal leaves, with usually one rosette of leaves per plant, but sometimes increasing to up to three. The rosettes measure wide. There are 5 to 15 basal leaves, more or less spheric to spoon-shaped distally, which are usually buried in the soil except for the top surface of each leaf blade. The leaves measure long by wide and thick. The leaves have a long, narrow petiole connecting them to the stem. The peduncle is tall by . The peduncle is covered in 10 to 20 bracts. The bracts are shaped triangular-ovate to sub-orbiculate (nearly circular) or reniform (kidney-shaped). The bracts measure long by wide and thick, with the tip of bracts obtuse. The lower bracts are less than 1.5 × longer than they are wide. The terminal branches (cincinni) on the inflorescence, of which there are typically very few, measure long and have 3 to 10 flowers. The flowers are white and star-shaped, with a yellow center. The petals are connate , and spread from near the middle. They are white, colored pinkish on the keel, turning yellow towards the center, and are also often lined with red. The shape of the petals is elliptic, and they measure long by wide, with the apex subobtuse. The entire corolla measures in diameter. The flowers tend to have a musky-sweet odor. == Taxonomy ==

Taxonomic history The plant was first collected by F. W. Peirson at Torrey Pines in 1922. Willis L. Jepson, in line with the common scientific view at the time, regarded the plant as a new species of Sedum. Specimens later discovered in the area were unable to be distinguished from Hasseanthus blochmaniae (Blochman's dudleya). The genus Hasseanthus, now moved into a subgenus of Dudleya, includes plants characterized by a geophytic habit. A 1950 treatment of the plant by Reid Moran would then place it under the subspecies brevifolia of H. blochmaniae, noting some significant morphological differences. The genus Hasseanthus would later become a subgenera of Dudleya. Hybridization Two species of deciduous Dudleya graded into the population of Dudleya brevifolia. Hybrids with Dudleya edulis have also been reported. D. brevifolia × blochmaniae One population approached Dudleya blochmaniae at a mesa east of La Jolla. The plants flowered three to four weeks earlier than the other populations of D. brevifolia, and had a different growth habit, being primarily found in depressions on the mesa. Compared to brevifolia, their rosettes and cauline leaves were slightly longer and narrower. The basal leaves and corms approached brevifolia. Moran noted how it was difficult to distinguish brevifolia from blochmaniae until the advent of land development in the area extirpated the populations that transitioned between the two. The hybrids possessed intermediate traits. ==Distribution and habitat==

The plant is endemic to coastal sage scrub habitats in southern California, found only in an extremely limited range within southwestern San Diego County. It is only found on bare surface hardpans of Torrey sandstone with minimal topsoil, from in elevation. but no specimens have been found to corroborate this claim. == Ecology ==

Phenology As this plant is a geophyte, occupying a habitat consisting mostly of hardpan substrata, it has an unusual growth habit in which once the tuberous, underground stems hit the hardpan, they will then spread out horizontally along the surface of the impenetrable substrate. In areas with the most shallow soil that is still conducive to growth, this plant tends to have incredibly irregular stems. Annual growth begins after the first autumn rains, but this can be disturbed by any mid-winter drought conditions. If the plants are disturbed by any winter droughts, they will return to dormancy and wait until the next suitable growing season. This is most common in smaller plants, whilst larger plants will usually retain their leaves even through mid-winter droughts. This response may be mistaken for the death of plants, which are in fact dormant underground. However, some species, especially deciduous ones, may reproduce readily from detached leaves. One to three weeks after the leaves are detached from the plant, roots will emerge from the petiole base. The dried inflorescences may detach and tumble along the sandy mesas, which presumably may disperse seed. Many pollinators make visits to the flowers of D. brevifolia. These include bee flies (Bombyliidae), hover flies, soft-winged flower beetles (Dasytes species, within the family Melyridae), western honey bees, bumble bees and digger bees (tribe Anthrophorini). ==Conservation==

The topography of coastal San Diego County is often challenging for urban development, with steep canyons shearing through flat mesas. The mesas, while suitable for development, were also an important location for vernal pools and other open habitats. Populations of deciduous Dudleya, like the variegated liveforever, Blochman's dudleya, and the many-stem dudleya, are resident to many of the vernal pools and clearings on top of these mesas, with the short-leaved dudleya representing a group localized to the bare surface hardpans of sandstone from Torrey Pines to La Jolla. Extensive studies have been completed on Carmel Mountain in the Carmel Valley community of San Diego. The Multiple Species Conservation Program (MSCP) of San Diego County estimated the Carmel Mountain population at just 1446 individuals in 2002, and at 113,134 individuals in 2006. Most recently, in 2008, UCLA faculty Dr. Hartmut S. Walter and Matthew Luskin estimated the Carmel Mountain population at over 100,000 individuals. Dudleya brevifolia is a high conservation priority because it exists only in these 5 locations (listed by decreasing average yearly population): Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve, Carmel Mountain (on multiple sites), Crest Canyon, Skeletal Canyon, and Torrey Pines Extension. The total habitat outside of Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve that contains this species was estimated at just 2,667 square meters. Endangered species Dudleya brevifolia is currently listed as an endangered species by the state of California and by the California Native Plant Society. ==References==