Native Americans had long inhabited both sides of the Mississippi River. The
Mississippian culture rulers organized thousands of workers to construct complex
earthwork mounds at what later became
St. Louis and East St. Louis. The center of this culture was the urban complex of
Cahokia, located to the south of present-day East St. Louis within
Collinsville, Illinois. Before the Civil War, settlers reported up to 50 mounds in the area that became East St. Louis, but most were lost to 19th-century development and later roadbuilding. East St. Louis lies within the fertile
American Bottom area of the present day
Metro East area of
St. Louis, Missouri. This name was given after the United States acquired the
Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and more European Americans began to settle in the area. The village was first named "Illinoistown". East St. Louis was founded in 1797 by Captain James Piggott, a Revolutionary War veteran. In that year Piggott began operating a ferry service across the Mississippi River, connecting Illinoistown with St. Louis, which had been founded by ethnic French families. When Piggott died in 1799, his widow sold the ferry business, moved to St. Louis County and remarried. One of the Piggotts' great-great-granddaughters became known as actress
Virginia Mayo (Virginia Clara Jones). The municipality called East St. Louis was established on April 1, 1861. Illinoistown residents voted on a new name that day, and 183 voted to rename the town East St. Louis. Though it started as a small town, East St. Louis soon grew to a larger city, influenced by the growing economy of St. Louis, which in 1870 was the fourth-largest city in the United States.
Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Extensive industrial growth followed the
American Civil War, helped by the city's proximity to
coal mines in Illinois. Early industry included
meatpacking and
stockyards, concentrated in one area to limit their nuisance to other jurisdictions. Many businessmen became overextended in credit, and a major economic collapse followed the
Panic of 1873. This was due to railroad and other manufacturing expansion, land speculation, and general business optimism caused by large profits from inflation. The economic recession began in the East and steadily moved West, crippling the railroads, the main system of transportation. In response, railroad companies began dramatically lowering workers' wages, forcing employees to work without pay, and cutting jobs and paid work hours. These wage cuts and additional money-saving tactics prompted strikes and massive unrest. While most of the strikes in the eastern cities during 1877 were accompanied by violence, the late July 1877
St. Louis strike was marked by a bloodless and quick takeover by dissatisfied workers. By July 22, the
St. Louis Commune began to take shape, as representatives from almost all the railroad lines met in East St. Louis. They soon elected an executive committee to command the strike and issued General Order No. 1, halting all railroad traffic other than passenger and mail trains. John Bowman, the mayor of East St. Louis, was appointed arbitrator of the committee. He helped the committee select special police to guard the property of the railroads from damage. The strike and the new
de facto workers' government, while given encouragement by the largely
German-American Workingmen's Party and the
Knights of Labor (two key players in the organization of the Missouri general strike), were run by no organized labor group. The strike also closed packing industry houses surrounding the National Stock Yards. At one plant, workers allowed processing of 125 cattle in return for 500 cans of beef for the workers. Though the East St. Louis strike continued in an orderly fashion, across the river in St. Louis there were isolated incidents of violence. Harry Eastman, the East St. Louis workers' representative, addressed the mass of employees: The strikers held the railroads and city for about a week, without the violence that took place in Chicago and other cities. The federal government intervened, and on July 28 US troops took over the Relay Depot, the Commune's command center, and the strike ended peacefully.
Great Cyclone of 1896 On May 27, 1896, a tornado struck St. Louis and East St. Louis. The deadliest tornado ever to hit the cities, the 20-minute storm killed 137 people in St. Louis and 118 in East St. Louis. Its destruction spanned , including the railyards and commercial districts of East St. Louis, destroying 311 buildings and severely damaging 7,200 more. The cost was estimated between $10 million and $12 million, at a time when a two-story brick house could be purchased for $1,500.
East St. Louis riots of 1917 's catchphrase "The world must be made safe for democracy". East St. Louis in 1917 had a strong industrial economy boosted by America's economic participation in demands related to
World War I; although war was declared in April, the nation did not meaningfully enter the war until that fall. Industry was dominated by European immigrant workers, who had been coming to industrial cities since the late 19th century. Here and across the country, they repeatedly tried to organize in efforts to gain better wages and working conditions. In the summer of 1916, 2,500 white workers struck the nearby meat packing plants of National City. Companies recruited Black workers, sometimes importing them from the South. While the white workers won a wage increase, the companies retained some Black workers, firing white ones. Such economic competition raised tensions between the groups in a period when the number of Blacks in East St. Louis had increased dramatically due to the first
Great Migration, when African Americans left poor rural areas of the South to escape
Jim Crow oppression and seek jobs in the industrial cities of the North and the Midwest. From 1910 to 1917, the Black population nearly doubled in East St. Louis. The United States established a draft which would bring in many workers to the military. As the war prevented immigration from Europe even before the U.S. entered the war, major companies had begun to recruit Black workers from the South to fill demand. When white workers went on strike in April 1917 at the
Aluminum Ore Company, the employer hired Blacks as strikebreakers. The
American Steel Company also recruited Blacks. They were available in part during this period because the U.S. Army initially rejected many Black volunteers in the years before an integrated military. This was also the period of resentment on both sides and the arrival of new workers created fears for job security at a time of union organizing and labor unrest, and raised social tensions. At a large labor meeting of white workers held in City Hall on May 28, men also traded rumors of fraternizing between Black men and white women. An inflammatory speaker said, "East St. Louis must remain a white man's town." Three thousand ethnic white men left the meeting and headed as a mob for downtown, where they randomly attacked Black men on the street. The Illinois governor called in
National Guard to prevent further rioting. Still, rumors circulated that the Black members of the community were planning an organized retaliation, and tensions remained high. On July 1, 1917, a Black man allegedly attacked a white man. After hearing of this, whites drove by Black homes near 17th and Market and fired shots into several of them. When police came to investigate a gathering of a large group of local Black residents, their car was mistaken for that of the attackers, and several in the crowd at 10th and Bond fired on the police, killing two detectives. The next morning, thousands of whites mobbed the Black sections of the city, indiscriminately beating, shooting, and killing men, women, and children. The rioters burned entire sections of the city and shot Black residents as they escaped the flames. They also hung several Black residents. The rioters destroyed buildings and physically attacked people; they "killed a 14-year-old boy and scalped his mother. Before it was over, 244 buildings were destroyed." Other sources say 300 buildings were destroyed. The city had 35 police officers, but they were seen to be doing little to suppress the violence. The governor called in
National Guard troops to try to control the situation; they arrived on July 3, but several accounts reported that they joined in the rioting. Most of the violence ended that day, but reports continued afterward of isolated assaults on Black citizens. Afterward, the city Chamber of Commerce called for the resignation of the Police Chief and greater oversight of police operations. Losses in property damage were high, including railroad warehouses and carloads full of goods that were burned, as well as railroad cars. Though official reports suggested that the East St. Louis race riot resulted in the deaths of 39 Black citizens and 9 whites, other estimates put the figure much higher, with estimates of 100 to 250 Black citizens being killed.
W. E. B. Du Bois of the
NAACP came to investigate the riots personally. His organization's photographer published photos of the destruction in the November issue of
The Crisis. Congress also held an investigation. East St. Louis celebrated its centennial in 1961. It was known as the "Pittsburgh of the West". In 1979, Carl Officer was elected mayor (the youngest in the country at that time, at age 25). Despite hopes for improvement, conditions continued to decline. Middle-class citizens continued to leave the city. People who could get jobs moved to places with work and a decent quality of life. Lacking sufficient tax revenue, the city cut back on maintenance, sewers failed, and garbage pickup ceased. Police cars and radios stopped working. The East St. Louis Fire Department went on strike in the 1970s. Structure fires destroyed so many consecutive blocks that much of the post-Armageddon film
Escape from New York was filmed in East St. Louis. In 1990, the State of Illinois passed (65 ILCS 5/Art. 8 Div. 12) The Financially Distressed City Law. Under this law, Governor
James R. Thompson provided $34 million in loans to East St. Louis, with the stipulation that an appointed five-member board, the East St. Louis Financial Advisory Authority, manage the city's finances. In 1990 the state legislature approved riverboat gambling in an effort to increase state revenue. The opening of the
Casino Queen riverboat casino generated the city's first new source of income in nearly 30 years. In 1991,
Gordon Bush was elected mayor. Several major industries operating in the area had gained separate incorporation as jurisdictions for the land where their plants are sited. These "communities" have virtually no residents, and the shell jurisdictions are outside East St. Louis's tax base (see
Sauget, Illinois), but residents of the city suffer from contaminated air and other adverse environmental effects of these sites. At the same time, the city's tax base is too poor for it to maintain its infrastructure, including the sanitary sewers, many of which have broken and overflowed in residential neighborhoods and schools.
21st century in 2003, with
Majestic Theatre at left Since 2000, the city has completed several redevelopment projects: in 2001, it opened a new library and built a new city hall. Public-private partnerships have resulted in a variety of new retail developments and housing initiatives. The
St. Louis MetroLink light rail connects the city by transit to St. Louis, which has a stronger economy, and such efforts have sparked renewal. Because of depopulation, the city has many abandoned properties and extensive urban blight. Sections of "
urban prairie" can be found where vacant buildings were demolished, and whole blocks have become overgrown with vegetation. Much of the territory surrounding the city remains undeveloped, bypassed by developers who chose more affluent suburban areas. Many old "
inner city" neighborhoods abut large swaths of
corn and
soybean fields or otherwise vacant land. In addition to agricultural uses, several truck stops, strip clubs, and semi-rural businesses surround blighted areas in the city. Over 2,200 people, or over 12% of the remaining population, live in public housing owned by the East St. Louis Housing Authority. All these residents make less than $9,000 per year, meaning the Authority is highly dependent upon state and federal funding to continue operating its aging housing stock. In 2010, the East St. Louis
community gardening movement began to develop plots for "urban farming", as was done in North St. Louis. Inspired by
Detroit's planned use of vacant land for green development, community associations, nonprofits and universities have collaborated to spark green development in East St. Louis.
Archeological remains In the early 1990s, archeological surveys and excavations prior to the construction of Interstate 55/70 revealed evidence of important prehistoric structures in the East St. Louis area. Both sides of the river had earlier been reported as having numerous earthwork mounds when Europeans and Americans first settled in the area. Unfortunately, most of these cultural treasures in St. Louis and on the east side were lost to development. Illinois researchers discovered the remains of several
earthwork mounds. In the East St. Louis area, 50 mounds had been mapped before the Civil War, and seven remain visible today. The largest is estimated to have been originally high and would have nearly covered a football field. Around the remains of this mound, researchers have discovered evidence of burial mounds, a large plaza, a wooden defensive palisade, and several other
Mississippian culture structures. These indicate that it was a ritual center. The prehistoric site is now called the East St. Louis Mound Center. The state and
University of Illinois are trying to develop coordinated projects with East St. Louis and businesses to use the mounds and artifacts as attractions for
heritage tourism. It was built by the Mississippian culture, which extended throughout the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. It reached its peak in this region about AD 1100–1200 at the nearby major center of
Cahokia, a designated UNESCO
World Heritage Site within the present-day boundaries of
Collinsville. A complex urban center estimated to have had a population of perhaps 20,000, this site is about from East St. Louis. In 2012, archeological work prior to construction of the
Stan Musial Bridge across the Mississippi discovered artifacts and evidence of a formerly unidentified 900-year-old suburb of
Cahokia in present-day East St. Louis. This site had not been mapped in the 19th century, and was unknown. The
Mississippian culture site is in a present industrial wasteland. Researchers found evidence of more than 1,000 dwellings and the base of an earthen pyramidal mound. It would have been one of dozens of mounds when the community was active, based on the size of the residential population of this site. The discovery of the site led scholars to increase their estimates of the total population of the Mississippians at Cahokia and in the area, now thought to have been about 20,000. They did not have the time to excavate the entire area. It is on private land and subject to risk of destruction by development. ==Geography==