Henderson was born in New York City on October 26, 1940. At the age of nine he was given an informal lesson by
Louis Armstrong, and he continued to study the instrument as a teenager in
San Francisco, where he grew up, after his family moved there in 1954, at the
San Francisco Conservatory of Music. They met in 1957 when Henderson was aged seventeen. After completing his medical education, Henderson went back to the Bay area for his medical internship and residency. It was a week-long gig with
Herbie Hancock's
Mwandishi band that led to a three-year job, lasting from 1970 to 1973. In addition to the three albums recorded by the group under Hancock's name, Henderson recorded his first two albums,
Realization (1972) and
Inside Out (1973), with Hancock and the Mwandishi group. After leaving Hancock, the trumpeter worked with
Pharoah Sanders,
Norman Connors, and
Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, returning to the
San Francisco Bay Area in 1975 where he joined the Latin-jazz group
Azteca and fronted his own bands. Other jazz performers Henderson has played with include Elvin Jones, Johnny Griffin, Slide Hampton, McCoy Tyner, Benny Golson, Joe Henderson, Max Roach, Jackie McClean, Dexter Gordon, Roy Haynes, etc. His discography consists of albums under his name on Capricorn, Blue Note, Capitol, Columbia, Steeplechase, Sirocco, Kind of Blue, Furthermore and Smoke Session Records. A documentary film about his life titled
Doctor Eddie Henderson: Uncommon Genius has been aired on several TV stations and screened at several film festivals since February 2024. Henderson was on the faculty at Juilliard school of music 2007 to 2016 and has been on the faculty Oberlin University jazz department since 2014 and promoted to full professor in 2023. ==Medical career==