Background A position of
Count Palatine at the
Frankish court of King
Childebert I was mentioned about 535. The Counts Palatine were the permanent representatives of the king in particular geographic areas, in contrast to the semi-independent authority of the dukes (and their successors). Under the
Merovingian dynasty, the position had been a purely appointed one, but by the Middle Ages had evolved into an hereditary one. Up to the tenth century, the Frankish empire was centered at the royal palace () in
Aachen, in what had become the
Carolingian kingdom of
Lotharingia. Consequently, the Count Palatine of Lotharingia became the most important of the Counts Palatine. Marital alliances meant that, by the Middle Ages, most Count Palatine positions had been inherited by the duke of the associated province, but the importance of the Count Palatine of Lotharingia enabled it to remain as an independent position. In 985,
Herman I, a scion of the
Ezzonids, is mentioned as count palatine of Lotharingia (which by then had been divided into Upper and
Lower Lotharingia). While his Palatine authority operated over the whole of
Upper Lorraine, the feudal territories of his family were instead scattered around south-western Franconia, including parts of the Rhineland around
Cologne and
Bonn, and areas around the rivers
Moselle and
Nahe. In continual conflicts with the rivalling
Archbishops of Cologne, he changed the emphasis of his rule to the southern
Eifel region and further to the Upper Rhine, where the
Ezzonid dynasty governed several counties on both banks of the river. The southernmost point was near
Alzey. , arms of the Count Palatine From about 1085/86, after the death of the last Ezzonian count palatine
Herman II, Palatinate authority ceased to have any military significance in Lotharingia. In practice, the Count Palatinate's Palatine authority had collapsed, reducing his successor (
Henry of Laach) to a mere feudal magnate over his own territories – along the Upper Rhine in south-western Franconia. From this time on, his territory became known as the County Palatine of the Rhine (not because Palatine authority existed there, but as an acknowledgement that the Count still held the title, if not the authority, of Count Palatine). Various noble dynasties competed to be enfeoffed with the Palatinate by the
Holy Roman Emperor – among them the
House of Ascania, the
House of Salm (Count
Otto I of Salm in 1040) and the
House of Babenberg (
Henry Jasomirgott in 1140/41). The first hereditary Count Palatine of the Rhine was
Conrad, a member of the
House of Hohenstaufen and younger half-brother of Emperor
Frederick Barbarossa. The territories attached to this hereditary office in 1156 started from those held by the Hohenstaufens in the
Donnersberg,
Nahegau,
Haardt,
Bergstraße and Kraichgau regions (other branches of the Hohenstaufens received lands in the
Duchy of Swabia,
Franche-Comté, and so forth). Much of this was from their imperial ancestors, the
Salian emperors, and apart from Conrad's maternal ancestry, the Counts of
Saarbrücken. These backgrounds explain the composition of Upper and Rhenish Palatinate in the inheritance centuries onwards. About 1182, Conrad moved his residence from
Stahleck Castle near
Bacharach up the Rhine river to
Heidelberg. Upon Conrad's death in 1195, the Palatinate passed to the
House of Welf through the (secret) marriage of his daughter
Agnes of Hohenstaufen with
Henry of Brunswick. When Henry's son
Henry the Younger died without heirs in 1214, the Hohenstaufen king
Frederick II enfeoffed the
Wittelsbach Duke
Louis I of Bavaria, whose son,
Otto II of Bavaria, married
Agnes of the Palatinate, daughter of Henry of Brunswick and Agnes of Hohenstaufen, in 1222. The Bavarian House of Wittelsbach eventually held the Palatinate territories until 1918. During a later division of territory among the heirs of Duke
Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria, in 1294, the elder branch of the Wittelsbachs came into possession of both the Rhenish Palatinate and the territories in the
Bavarian Nordgau (Bavaria north of the Danube river) with the centre around the town of
Amberg. As this region was politically connected to the Rhenish Palatinate, the name
Upper Palatinate () became common from the early 16th century in contrast to the Lower Palatinate along the Rhine. With the
Treaty of Pavia in 1329, the Wittelsbach Emperor
Louis IV, a son of Louis II, returned the Palatinate to his nephews
Rudolf and
Rupert I. In the
Golden Bull of 1356, the Palatinate was recognized as one of the secular electorates, and given the hereditary offices of archsteward (, ) of the Empire and imperial vicar (
Reichsverweser) of Franconia, Swabia, the Rhine, and southern Germany. From that time forth, the Count Palatine of the Rhine was usually known as the Elector Palatine (, ). In 1386, Rupert I helped establish the
University of Heidelberg, the oldest University in
Germany. In 1400, the Elector Palatine,
Rupert III, was elected as
King of the Romans, but he was never crowned as Holy Roman Emperor because he was defeated in Italy while attempting to travel to Rome for a coronation. Due to the practice of dividing territories among different branches of the family, by the early 16th century junior lines of the Palatine Wittelsbachs came to rule in
Simmern,
Kaiserslautern, and
Zweibrücken in the Lower Palatinate, and in
Neuburg and
Sulzbach in the Upper Palatinate. The Elector Palatine, now based in Heidelberg, adopted Lutheranism in the 1530s; when the senior branch of the family died out in 1559, the electorate passed to
Frederick III of Simmern, a staunch
Calvinist, and the Palatinate became one of the major centers of Calvinism in Europe, supporting Calvinist rebellions in both the
Netherlands and
France. Elector
Frederick IV became the leader of the
Protestant Union in 1608.
Thirty Years' War In 1619, the Protestant
Frederick V, Elector Palatine, accepted the throne of
Bohemia from the
Bohemian Diet. This initiated the 1618–1648
Thirty Years' War, one of the most destructive conflicts in human history; it caused over eight million fatalities from military action, violence, famine, and plague in the vast majority in the German states of the Holy Roman Empire. In terms of proportional German casualties and destruction, it was surpassed only by the period January to May 1945 and remains the single greatest war trauma in German memory. ,
King of Bohemia (1619–1620) Frederick was evicted from Bohemia in 1620 following his defeat by the forces of
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, at the
Battle of the White Mountain. Over the period 1621–1622, the Palatinate was occupied by Spanish and Bavarian troops and Frederick was exiled to the
Dutch Republic. His territories and electoral rights were transferred to the distantly related but Catholic
Maximilian I of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria and now Prince Elector Palatine. After his death in 1632, Frederick's daughter
Princess Elizabeth and wife
Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, worked tirelessly to have the Palatinate restored to her son
Charles Louis and the Protestant cause. When the
Peace of Westphalia ended the war in 1648, he regained the Lower Palatinate and the title 'Elector Palatine' but now ranked lower in precedence than the others. He was succeeded by
Charles II, Elector Palatine, in 1680, but the Simmern branch became extinct in the male line after he died in 1685. In 1670, Charles II's sister
Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate married
Philippe of Orléans, younger brother of
Louis XIV; on this basis, Louis claimed the Rhineland territories of the Palatinate for France. However, he was outmaneuvered by
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, whose third wife was
Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg, eldest daughter of
Philip William, a Catholic who was the closest male heir in the direct line. Leopold installed his father-in-law as Elector Palatine, ensuring that his electoral vote and this strategic region remained in Imperial control.
Nine Years' War , destroyed by the French in 1689 and never rebuilt When France invaded the Palatinate in September 1688 to enforce its claim, these wider connections meant the conflict rapidly escalated, leading to the outbreak of the
Nine Years' War. The French were forced to withdraw in 1689 but before doing so, destroyed much of Heidelberg, another 20 substantial towns and numerous villages. This destruction was systematically applied across a large section of the Rhineland but especially the Palatinate, which was raided again in 1693; the devastation shocked much of Europe. France later renounced its claim to the region in the 1697
Treaty of Ryswick.
Johann Wilhelm succeeded as elector in 1690, changing his residence first to
Düsseldorf, then back to Heidelberg and finally
Mannheim in 1720. Like his father, he was a Catholic, which under the 1555
Peace of Augsburg meant the Protestant majority in the Palatinate was theoretically obliged to convert to Catholicism. The 1705 'Palatine Church Division' compromised by allocating five-sevenths of public church property to the Reformed or Calvinist church and the remainder to Catholicism, while excluding the Lutheran Church, whose membership exceeded 40% of the population in some areas. In 1716,
Charles Philip succeeded his brother as elector and in January 1742, helped his cousin
Charles Albert become the first non-Habsburg emperor in over 300 years. He died in December and the Palatinate passed to
Charles Theodore, then Duke of
Sulzbach, who also inherited the
Electorate of Bavaria in 1777. The title and authority of the two electorates were combined, Charles and his heirs retaining only the vote and precedence of the Bavarian elector, although continuing to use the title 'Count Palatine of the Rhine'.
Mediatisation , Elector of Bavaria (1799–1806) The Palatine territories on the
left bank of the Rhine were annexed by
France in 1795, mainly becoming part of the
Mont-Tonnerre department. In 1799 Elector Charles Theodore died and the territory was inherited by the Duke of
Palatine Zweibrücken, uniting all the Wittelsbach lands. The loss of the left bank territories was accepted by the new Elector
Maximilian Joseph in the
Treaty of Paris. Those on the right were taken by the
Elector of Baden, after the 1805
Peace of Pressburg dissolved the Holy Roman Empire; the remaining Wittelsbach territories were united by Maximilian Joseph as the
Kingdom of Bavaria. == Coat of arms and flag ==