Electric Lighting Acts 1882 to 1909

From the 1870s electric lighting was increasingly used to illuminate public and private spaces. In 1878 there were 20 lighting installations in service in Britain. Installations included, for example, the Tay Bridge railway yard (1876–7); London’s West India Docks (1877); the Gaiety Theatre, London (1878); Bramall Lane football ground, Sheffield (1878); Victoria Embankment, London (1878); St. Enoch’s station, Glasgow (1878); and Blackpool Promenade (1879). Liverpool Corporation promoted a local act to provide it with legal powers to light streets by electricity. This was enacted as the '''''' (42 & 43 Vict. c. ccxiii), this was the first electric lighting act in the UK. and concluded that local authorities should be allowed to break-up streets to lay cables or to consent to private companies to do this. The committee also considered allowing local authorities to purchase the companies providing a supply in their area after a number of years. The recommendations formed the basis of the subsequent Electric Lighting Bill. The legislation permitted the Board of Trade, by license or provisional order, to grant any local authority, company or person to supply electricity and to install a system of supply, including a provision for the breaking up of roads. The President of the Board of Trade, Joseph Chamberlain, was the minister responsible for the 1882 act. Chamberlain had been Mayor of Birmingham and had experienced difficulties with the monopoly control of the gas industry in the city. He believed that the electricity industry required public control in order to protect consumers. To further protect the public against the power of private monopoly the bill also provided for maximum prices. As originally drafted the bill provided for a reversion period to local authority ownership of 15 years, this was amended to 21 years by the House of Lords during the passage of the bill. == Electric Lighting Act 1882 ==

The Electric Lighting Act 1882 (45 & 46 Vict. c. 56) received royal assent on 18 August 1882. The long title of the act is ‘An Act to facilitate and regulate the supply of Electricity for Lighting and other purposes in Great Britain and Ireland'. Provisions As the first public general electricity act its provisions were wide-ranging, specifying the powers of the Board of Trade, local authorities and companies; the acquisition of land; construction of works; the running of cables; theft and damage; the protection of canals and mines; and financial matters. The act comprised 37 sections, the provisions are summarised as follows. However, the business historian Leslie Hannah has argued that 21 years would have been ‘an eternity to most investors’ and therefore was no disincentive to investment. Nevertheless, the reversion period was extended to 42 years under the Electric Lighting Act 1888, which also valued a company’s assets as a going concern rather than the scrap value of the plant. == Electric Lighting Act 1888 ==

The Electric Lighting Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 12) received royal assent on 28 June 1888. The long title of the act is: 'An Act to amend the Electric Lighting Act, 1882'. The act extended the reversion to local authority ownership to 42 years. It also required the consent of the local authority prior to the granting of provisional orders, whereas local authorities had only needed to be informed under the 1882 Act. Provisions The act comprised five sections, the provisions are summarised as follows. • Section 1 provided that no provisional order shall be granted except with the consent of the local authority. • Section 2 repealed Section 27 of the 1882 act and made provision for undertakings to sell their interests to the local authority after a period of 42 years, it also ensured the plant was valued as a ready for immediate working. • Section 3 empowered the Board of Trade to vary the terms of sale in section 2. • Section 4 placed restrictions on the placement of electric lines. • Section 5 required that this act and the Electric Lighting Act 1882 shall be read and construed together as one act, to be cited as the Electric Lighting Acts 1882 and 1888. == Local electricity legislation ==

Under the 1888 act the electricity supply industry began to grow significantly. The number of local electricity acts, orders and Electric Lighting Order Confirmation Acts made under the Electric Lighting Acts is given in the table. For details of individual acts and locations see Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry. In addition to local acts and provisional orders, in the 10 years following the 1888 act 25 licenses were granted but only three were exercised. established the general principals which were adopted as the basis of provisional orders granted to undertakings in the London area. that the usual method of obtaining statutory powers to supply electricity within a defined area was by the grant of a provisional order made by the Board of Trade and confirmed by Parliament. Licenses were of secondary importance because of the limitation of the grant to a term of seven years and they required local authority consent. Parliamentary policy was to oppose special acts for powers obtainable by provisional order. Special acts were limited to cases where compulsory powers for the purchase of land were required because such provisions could not be included on provisional orders. Under the Electric Lighting Act 1909 the Board of Trade could authorise by provisional order the compulsory purchase of land to build power stations. == Electric Lighting (Clauses) Act 1899 ==

The Electric Lighting (Clauses) Act 1899 (62 & 63 Vict. c. 19) received royal assent on 9 August 1899. The long title of this act is: 'An Act for incorporating in one Act certain provisions usually contained in Provisional Orders made under the Acts relating to Electric Lighting'. The act comprised 84 sections and incorporated the usual clauses of provisional orders and special acts into a single act. It laid down common principles to be incorporated in all provisional orders except for those in London. It also prohibited amalgamation or association of electricity undertakings, or the supply of electricity outside the prescribed area. == Electric Lighting Act 1909 ==

In 1903 the Board of Trade introduced into Parliament the Supply of Electricity Bill. This aimed to remove some of the restrictive features of the Electric Lighting Acts. Provisions The act comprises 27 sections. The key provisions were as follows. Section 2 of the 1909 act required consent from the Board of Trade and such authorisation required notice to be given to the local authority and to owners and occupiers of land within 300 yards (274 metres) of the site which provided the opportunity to object to the construction. == Legislation titles and later acts ==

The 1909 act was the last act to use the phrase 'Electric Lighting' in the title. In the early days of the industry electricity was primarily used to provide electric lighting whether by arc light or incandescent bulb. By 1909 electricity was used for a wide range of uses other than lighting such as powering electric motors, traction current for trams, for domestic and industrial heating, for cooking and domestic uses such as ironing. Subsequent primary legislation after 1909 was entitled Electricity Supply Act (e.g. London Electric Supply Act 1910) or simply Electricity Act. After 1909 subsequent Electricity Acts amended the Electric Lighting Acts 1882 to 1909. The London Electric Supply Acts 1908 and 1910 permitted the London County Council to purchase company electricity undertakings in the London area from 26 August 1931. The Electricity (Supply) Act 1919 (9 & 10 Geo. 5. c. 100) established the Electricity Commissioners. Section 26 of the act introduced a fourth means of obtaining statutory powers, the Special order. This was made by the Commissioners and confirmed by the Minister, or by an order establishing a joint electricity authority. Special orders required the approval of Parliament. The Electricity (Supply) Act 1926 (16 & 17 Geo. 5. c. 51), established the Central Electricity Board. The sixth schedule of the 1926 act made minor amendments to the 1882 act. The Electricity Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 54), nationalised the UK electricity supply industry. The fifth schedule to the 1947 act repealed sections 2 to 11, 19, 20, 29, 30 and the schedule to the 1882 act; sections 1 to 3 of the 1888 act; sections 1 to 3, 5 to 9, 31 to 34, 37, 63 to 68, 70, 74, 75, 78 and 82 of the 1899 act. Ownership of electricity generation and transmission facilities were vested in the British Electricity Authority, and electricity distribution and sales in local electricity boards. The Electricity Act 1989 (c. 29), privatised the UK electricity industry. Schedule 18 of the 1989 act repealed the whole of the following acts: the 1882 act; the 1888 act; the 1899 act; the 1909 act; the 1926 act; and the 1947 act. == See also ==