Calcium carbide

Calcium carbide is produced industrially in an electric arc furnace from a mixture of lime and coke at approximately . and high temperatures to drive off the carbon monoxide. This method has not changed since its invention in 1892: : The high temperature required for this reaction is not practically achievable by traditional combustion, so the reaction is performed in an electric arc furnace with graphite electrodes. The carbide product produced generally contains around 80% calcium carbide by weight. The carbide is crushed to produce small lumps that can range from a few mm up to 50 mm. The impurities are concentrated in the finer fractions. The content of the product is assayed by measuring the amount of acetylene produced on hydrolysis. As an example, the British and German standards for the content of the coarser fractions are 295 L/kg and 300 L/kg respectively (at 101 kPa pressure and temperature). Impurities present in the carbide include calcium phosphide, which produces phosphine when hydrolysed. This reaction was an important part of the Industrial Revolution in chemistry, and was made possible in the United States as a result of massive amounts of inexpensive hydroelectric power produced at Niagara Falls before the turn of the 20th century. The electric arc furnace method was discovered in 1892 by T. L. Willson, and independently in the same year by H. Moissan. In Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Austrian industrialist Josef Kranz and his "Bosnische-Elektrizitäts AG" company, whose successor later became "Elektro-Bosna", opened the largest chemical factory for the production of calcium carbide at the time in Europe in 1899. A hydroelectric power station on the Pliva river with an installed capacity of 8 MW was constructed to supply electricity for the factory, the first power station of its kind in Southeast Europe, and became operational on 24 March 1899. ==Structure==

Calcium carbide is a calcium salt of acetylene, consisting of calcium cations and acetylide anions . Pure calcium carbide is a colourless solid. The common crystalline form at room temperature is a distorted rock-salt structure with the units lying parallel. There are three different polymorphs which appear at room temperature: the tetragonal structure and two different monoclinic structures. ==Applications==

Production of acetylene The reaction of calcium carbide with water, producing acetylene and calcium hydroxide, Production of calcium carbide in China has been increasing. In 2005 output was 8.94 million tons, with the capacity to produce 17 million tons. In the United States, Europe, and Japan, consumption of calcium carbide is generally declining. Production levels in the US during the 1990s were 236,000 tons per year. Production of calcium cyanamide Calcium carbide reacts with nitrogen at high temperature to form calcium cyanamide: : Commonly known as nitrolime, calcium cyanamide is used as fertilizer. It is hydrolysed to cyanamide, . Steelmaking Calcium carbide is used: • in the desulfurization of iron (pig iron, cast iron and steel) although they are increasingly being replaced in this use by LED lights. Carbide lamps were also used extensively as headlamps in early automobiles, motorcycles and bicycles, but have been replaced entirely by electric lamps. Other uses Calcium carbide is sometimes used as a ripening agent, somewhat like ethylene gas. This use is illegal in some countries as, in the production of acetylene from calcium carbide, contamination often leads to trace production of phosphine and arsine. In principle, these impurities can be removed by passing the acetylene gas through acidified copper sulfate solution, but, in developing countries, this precaution is often neglected. Calcium carbide is used in toy cannons such as the Big-Bang Cannon, as well as in bamboo cannons. In the Netherlands, a popular New Year's Eve tradition in rural areas is to use calcium carbide explosions to blow the lid or a ball off the top of a milk churn. Calcium carbide, together with calcium phosphide, is used in floating, self-igniting naval signal flares, such as those produced by the Holmes' Marine Life Protection Association. Calcium carbide is used to determine the moisture content of soil. When soil and calcium carbide are mixed in a closed pressure cylinder, the water content in soil reacts with calcium carbide to release acetylene whose pressure can be measured to determine the moisture content. Calcium carbide is sold commercially as a mole repellent. When it comes into contact with water, the gas produced drives moles away. ==References==