Elite

From an early age, upper-class members attend prominent preparatory schools, which open doors to elite universities, known as the Ivy League, which includes Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University and Princeton University (among others), and the universities' respective highly exclusive clubs, such as the Harvard Club of Boston. These memberships, in turn, pave the way to prominent social clubs in major cities and serve as venues for important business contacts. A 2025 study analyzed the educational backgrounds of 6,141 of the world's most influential people and found that a small number of universities educate the global elite, especially Harvard. Ranked in terms of number of alumni who went on to elite positions, Harvard was followed by Stanford University, the University of Oxford, the University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University, Yale University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Chicago, and the University of California, Berkeley. If all American elites are removed, Harvard again came out on top by a large margin, but was then followed by Oxford, the University of Cambridge, the London School of Economics, the École nationale d'administration, the University of Tokyo, Sciences Po, and MIT. ==Elitist privilege==

According to Mills, men receive the education necessary for elitist privilege to obtain their background and contacts, allowing them to enter three branches of the power elite, which are: • Political leadership: Mills contended that since the end of World War II, corporate leaders had become more prominent in the political process, with a decline in central decision-making for professional politicians. • Military Circle: In Mills' time—the 1950s—a heightened concern about warfare existed, making top military leaders and such issues as defense funding and personnel recruitment very important. Most prominent corporate leaders and politicians were strong proponents of military spending. According to Mills, the governing elite in the United States primarily draws its members from political leaders, including the president, and a handful of key cabinet members, as well as close advisers, major corporate owners and directors, and high-ranking military officers. These groups overlap; elites tend to circulate from one sector to another, consolidating power in the process. Unlike the ruling class, a social formation based on heritage and social ties, the power elite is characterized by the organizational structures through which it acquires wealth. According to Mills, the power elite rose from "the managerial reorganization of the propertied classes into the more or less unified stratum of the corporate rich". In G. William Domhoff's sociology textbooks, Who Rules America? editions, he further clarified the differences in the two terms:"The upper class as a whole does not do the ruling. Instead, class rule is manifested through the activities of a wide variety of organizations and institutions [...] Leaders within the upper class join with high-level employees in the organizations they control to make up what will be called the power elite".The Marxist theoretician Nikolai Bukharin anticipated the elite theory in his 1929 work, Imperialism and World Economy:"present-day state power is nothing but an entrepreneurs' company of tremendous power, headed even by the same persons that occupy the leading positions in the banking and syndicate offices". == Power elite ==

The term power elite is used by Mills to describe a relatively small, loosely connected group of individuals who dominate American policymaking. This group includes bureaucratic, corporate, intellectual, military, media, and government elites who control the principal institutions in the United States and whose opinions and actions influence policymakers' decisions. The basis for membership of a power elite is institutional power, namely an influential position within a prominent private or public organization. Another study (published in 2002) of power elites in the United States during the administration of President George W. Bush (in office from 2001 to 2009) identified 7,314 institutional positions of power encompassing 5,778 individuals. A later study of U.S. society noted demographic characteristics of this elite group as follows: Age Corporate leaders aged about 60; heads of foundations, law, education, and civic organizations aged around 62; government employees aged about 56. Gender Men contribute roughly 80% in the political realm, whereas women contribute roughly only 20% in the political realm. In the economic denomination, , only 32 (6.4%) of the Fortune 500 CEOs are women. Ethnicity In the U.S., White Anglo-Saxons dominate in the power elite. While Protestants represent about 80% of the top business leaders, about 54% of the members of Congress of any ethnicity are also Protestant. , only 4 (0.8%) of the Fortune 500 CEOs are African American. ==Impacts on economy==

In the 1970s, an organized set of policies promoted reduced taxes, especially for the wealthy, and a steady erosion of the welfare safety net. Starting with legislation in the 1980s, the wealthy banking community successfully lobbied for reduced regulation. The wide range of financial and social capital accessible to the power elite gives their members heavy influence in economic and political decision making, allowing them to move toward attaining desired outcomes. Sociologist Christopher Doob gives a hypothetical alternative, stating that these elite individuals would consider themselves the overseers of the national economy. Also appreciating that it is not only a moral, but a practical necessity to focus beyond their group interests. Doing so would hopefully alleviate various destructive conditions affecting large numbers of less affluent citizens. ==Global politics and hegemony==

Mills determined that there is an "inner core" of the power elite involving individuals who are able to move from one seat of institutional power to another. They, therefore, have a wide range of knowledge and interests in many influential organizations, and are, as Mills describes, "professional go-betweens of economic, political, and military affairs". Relentless expansion of capitalism and the globalizing of economic and military power bind leaders of the power elite into complex relationships with nation states that generate global-scale class divisions. Sociologist Manuel Castells writes in The Rise of the Network Society that contemporary globalization does not mean that "everything in the global economy is global". So, a global economy becomes characterized by fundamental social inequalities with respect to the "level of integration, competitive potential and share of the benefits from economic growth". Castells cites a kind of "double movement" where on one hand, "valuable segments of territories and people" become "linked in the global networks of value making and wealth appropriation", while, on the other, "everything and everyone" that is not valued by established networks gets "switched off [...] and ultimately discarded". But, the wide-ranging effects of global capitalism ultimately affect everyone on the planet, as economies around the world come to depend on the functioning of global financial markets, technologies, trade, and labor. ==See also==