The effect is named for ELIZA, the 1966
chatbot developed by MIT computer scientist
Joseph Weizenbaum. When executing Weizenbaum's
DOCTOR script, ELIZA simulated a
Rogerian psychotherapist, largely by rephrasing the "patients replies as questions: Though designed strictly as a mechanism to support "natural language conversation" with a computer, ELIZA's
DOCTOR script was found to be surprisingly successful in eliciting emotional responses from users who, in the course of interacting with the program, began to ascribe understanding and motivation to the program's output. As Weizenbaum later wrote, "I had not realized... that extremely short exposures to a relatively simple computer program could induce powerful delusional thinking in quite normal people." Indeed, ELIZA's code had not been designed to evoke this reaction in the first place. Upon observation, researchers discovered users unconsciously assuming ELIZA's questions implied interest and emotional involvement in the topics discussed, even when they consciously knew that ELIZA did not simulate emotion. In the 19th century, the tendency to understand mechanical operations in psychological terms was already noted by
Charles Babbage. In proposing what would later be called a
carry-lookahead adder, Babbage remarked that he found such terms convenient for descriptive purposes, even though nothing more than mechanical action was meant. == Characteristics ==