Carter was born on her family's ranch in
Yellowstone County, Montana, one of the six daughters of Elmer Bela Carter and Laura May Edwards Carter. Her father died in 1915; her mother was a school teacher. She graduated from the
University of Washington in 1928, and earned a master's degree from the
University of Hawai'i in 1931. Her master's thesis was titled "
O. Henry: The Sultan of the Short Story". She completed an
Ed.D. in educational psychology at the
University of California in 1939, with a dissertation titled "The interest of adolescents in physical, mechanical-scientific, and intellectual-cultural pursuits: A cumulative and comparative study". She pursued further studies at the
University of Colorado and
American University. ==Career==