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Emperor Daizong of Tang

Emperor Daizong of Tang, personal name Li Yu, né Li Chu, was an emperor of the Chinese Tang dynasty.

Early life and career
Daizong's father, Li Jun, was the Prince of Zhong under his father Emperor Xuanzong when Daizong was born. His mother was Li Jun's concubine Consort Wu. He was the oldest of Emperor Xuanzong's over 100 grandsons. In 740, by which time Li Jun (whose name had been changed to Li Heng by that point) was crown prince, Li Chu was created the Prince of Guangping. That year, his mother Consort Wu died. Emperor Xuanzong chose for him, as his wife and princess, Lady Cui the daughter of the Lady of Han, a sister of Emperor Xuanzong's favorite concubine Consort Yang Yuhuan; however, his oldest son Li Kuo was born of a concubine, Consort Shen. ==During Emperor Suzong's reign==
During Emperor Suzong's reign
After Emperor Suzong assumed imperial title, he considered making Li Tan the supreme commander of the armed forces, but his advisor Li Mi pointed out that Li Chu was older and that naming Li Tan the supreme commander would cause confusion as to who would be his heir. Emperor Suzong agreed and made Li Chu the supreme commander instead. Subsequently, Li Chu and Li Mi were entrusted with the keys of the makeshift palace, and one would always be on duty to be ready to receive important military reports. In fall 757, troops from Huige, whose Bayanchur Khan Yaoluoge Moyanchuo had answered Emperor Suzong's request for help, arrived under the command of Yaoluoge Moyanchuo's son. When Li Chu met the Huige prince, he offered for them to be sworn brothers. The prince was very pleased and honored Li Chu as an older brother. Thereafter, the joint Tang and Huige troops proceeded toward Chang'an and, after defeating Yan forces at Xiangji Temple (), near Chang'an, recaptured Chang'an. Emperor Suzong had promised that Huige forces would be allowed to pillage Chang'an, but at the earnest pleas of Li Chu, the Huige prince agreed to wait until capturing Luoyang, which had become the Yan capital, to carry out the pillage. The people of Chang'an, believing that Li Chu had saved them from a deadly Huige rampage, welcomed him in a grand procession and proclaimed, "The Prince of Guangping is truly a leader to be loved by both the Han and the barbarians." Meanwhile, when Pugu Huai'en advocated quick advances to try to capture the Yan generals An Shouzhong () and Li Guiren (), Li Chu, pointing out that his own troops were tired, stopped him. (Upon the recapturing of Chang'an, Li Mi resigned and became a hermit, depriving Li Chu of an ally.) Subsequently, Li Chu, Guo Ziyi, and Pugu, along with Huige forces, continued to proceed toward Luoyang. They first attacked Shancheng (陝城, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan) and initially could not succeed, but when Huige forces engaged, Yan forces were thrown into a panic and fled. Hearing the news, An Lushan's son and successor An Qingxu, who had become the emperor of Yan, abandoned Luoyang and fled. Li Chu had the people gather up a large cache of silk to bribe the Huige prince, and only thereafter did the rampage end. He also changed Li Chu's name to Li Yu. In 762, Emperor Suzong had become seriously ill. After Emperor Xuanzong died in summer 762, Emperor Suzong, in mourning, grew worse. He had Li Yu assume regent powers. By this point, Empress Zhang and Li Fuguo were no longer allies, and Empress Zhang summoned Li Yu, wanting an alliance with him to kill Li Fuguo and his subordinate Cheng Yuanzhen. Li Yu refused, pointing out that this would cause alarm to the very-ill Emperor Suzong. Empress Zhang then entered into an alliance with Li Yu's younger brother Li Xi () the Prince of Yue, and they tried to set a trap for Li Fuguo, with 200 strong eunuchs loyal to her and Li Xi ready to act against Li Fuguo. On May 14, 762, she issued an order in Emperor Suzong's name, summoning Li Yu into the palace. However, Cheng received this news and reported this to Li Fuguo and Li Yu, and Cheng then escorted Li Yu to the imperial guard headquarters. Imperial guards commanded by Li Fuguo and Cheng then entered the palace and arrested Empress Zhang, Li Xi, and their associates. It was said that with Emperor Suzong resting at Changsheng Hall (), the soldiers dragged Empress Zhang and the attending ladies in waiting and eunuchs away from his presence. Emperor Suzong was said to be left alone without attendants. He died on May 16. Li Fuguo executed Empress Zhang, Li Xi, and Li Xian () the Prince of Yan. On May 18, Li Yu ascended the throne (as Emperor Daizong). ==Reign==
Reign
Remainder of Baoying era (762-763), and Guangde, Yongtai eras (763–766) Li Fuguo effectively took over the control of the imperial government, going as far as telling Emperor Daizong: an assassin got into Li Fuguo's mansion and killed him, taking his head and an arm away as well. Emperor Daizong formally issued an order seeking the arrest of the assassin, and buried Li Fuguo in a grand ceremony, after having a wooden head and wooden arm carved to be buried with the rest of the body.), who had also received an alliance proposal from Shi Chaoyi. Yaoluoge Yidijian thus initially rejected Emperor Daizong's proposal and advanced south to aid Shi Chaoyi, but after further persuasion by Pugu Huai'en, whose daughter he had married, he agreed with the Tang proposal. In winter 762, the joint Tang and Huige forces recaptured Luoyang, forcing Shi Chaoyi to flee. (Shi Chaoyi would eventually commit suicide in spring 763, ending Yan.) In fall 763, Emperor Daizong faced two new additional threats. Pugu, whom two other generals Xin Yunjing () and Li Baoyu and the eunuch Luo Fengxian () had suspected of plotting rebellion, was angry at the suspicion on him and, after submitting a number of accusatory petitions, began to act independently of the imperial government. Meanwhile, though, Tibet, which had begun to seize Tang western prefectures one by one during the Anshi Rebellion, launched a sudden attack on Chang'an. At that time, with Cheng in power and the generals hating him for his previous accusations against the generals Lai Tian () and Li Huairang () that led to their deaths, when Emperor Daizong sought emergency aid from the provincial generals, none came to his aid, and on November 16, he was forced to abandon Chang'an and flee to Shan Prefecture (i.e., Shancheng). Tibetan forces declared Emperor Suzong's cousin Li Chenghong the Prince of Guangwu the Emperor of Tang, although they withdrew within the course of a month due to the Tang people's resistance efforts and counterattacks commanded by Guo Ziyi. Emperor Daizong was able to soon return to Chang'an. Still, much territory had fallen into Tibetan hands and Tang forces were not able to counterattack. As the popular sentiment at the time blamed Cheng for the disaster, he stripped Cheng of his posts and sent him back to his home. Soon thereafter, the most powerful figures at court became the chancellor Yuan Zai, who flattered Emperor Daizong, and the eunuch Yu Chao'en, who commanded the imperial guards. Early Dali era Meanwhile, by this point, Emperor Daizong, who had previously favored Taoism, had begun to become a devout Buddhist due to the influences of his chancellors Yuan Zai, Wang Jin, and Du Hongjian. Yuan, in particular, advocated the belief that it was by the blessings of the Buddha that Tang was able to survive the Anshi Rebellion and Pugu's rebellion. As a result, Emperor Daizong's policies began to be heavily influenced by Buddhist principles, and he honored the Buddhist monk Bukong with great honors, including creating him a duke. The temples at Chang'an became very wealthy, and Emperor Daizong further ordered that monks and nuns not be subject to physical punishments. With the emperor and the chancellors all devout Buddhists, Buddhism became the leading influence in the empire. (Traditional historians, such as the Song dynasty historian Sima Guang, ascribed the poor governance and justice system during Emperor Daizong's time to this.) Late Dali era In 773, Xue Song died, and Emperor Daizong agreed to let his brother Xue E succeed him in ruling Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan). However, Tian Chengsi, who ruled nearby Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei), had other designs. In spring 775, under his encouragement, the Zhaoyi officer Pei Zhiqing () rose against Xue E, and Tian subsequently captured Zhaoyi's capital Xiang Prefecture (). Xue E fled to imperial territory, while Tian continued his campaign to capture the rest of Zhaoyi territory despite Emperor Daizong's orders to stop his campaign. With Xue Song's other relatives Xue Xiong () and Xue Jian () still holding Wei (衛州, in modern Xinxiang, Henan) and Ming (洺州, in modern Handan) Prefectures, Tian attacked them and captured those prefectures, as well as Ci Prefecture (磁州, in modern Handan as well). (The remaining prefectures of Zhaoyi came under imperial control and were eventually merged with Zelu Circuit (澤潞, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), governed by Li Baoyu's cousin Li Baozhen.) These defiant actions by Tian, who had already angered Li Zhengji, then ruling Pinglu Circuit (平盧, then headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong), by disrespecting him and Li Baochen, then ruling Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), by killing Li Baochen's brother Li Baozheng (), brought a serious imperial response, along with the offended warlords. In summer 775, Emperor Daizong announced a campaign against Tian, with Li Zhengji and Li Zhongchen attacking Weibo from the south, and Zhu Tao, Li Baochen, and Xue Jianxun () attacking Weibo from the north. Initially, the imperial forces were scoring victories over Weibo forces, but after Tian flattered Li Zhengji in a humble letter, Li Zhengji withdrew from the campaign, causing other imperial generals south of the Yellow River to hesitate to advance as well. Meanwhile, Li Baochen was offended when an imperial eunuch, Ma Chengqian (), who had visited Li Baochen's army, was so dissatisfied with Li Baochen's gift to him that he threw it on the ground, and Tian was also able to use hoaxes to persuade Li Baochen that if he joined forces with Tian to attack Lulong, he would be successful. Li Baochen thus turned against Zhu, launching a surprise attack on him, but was unable to kill Zhu, effectively ending any hopes of the campaign against Tian. By 776, Emperor Daizong was forced to pardon Tian and abandon the campaign. Also in 775, Emperor Daizong's favorite concubine Consort Dugu died. He posthumously honored her empress and, saddened greatly by her death, kept her casket in the palace for almost three years, only finally burying her in 778. In 776, after the death of Biansong Circuit (汴宋, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan)'s acting military governor Tian Shenyu (), its officer Li Lingyao () seized the circuit. Emperor Daizong commissioned a campaign by the surrounding circuits against Biansong and Li Lingyao, and despite aid from Tian, was quickly defeated, although the imperial government received little benefit as five of Biansong's eight prefectures were taken and merged into Li Zhengji's Pinglu Circuit, and Li Zhengji then moved his headquarters from Qing Prefecture () to one of the Biansong prefectures he took, Yun Prefecture (鄆州, in modern Tai'an, Shandong). In 777, Emperor Daizong, tired of Yuan Zai's and Wang Jin's corruption and hold on power, had them arrested. Yuan was executed and Wang was exiled, and they were replaced by Yang Wan and Chang Gun. Emperor Daizong hoped that Yang could lead a reform of the government, but Yang died later that year, leaving Chang in control of the government. By 777, it was considered that these warlords were ruling their realms de facto independently: • Li Zhengji, with his Pinglu Circuit containing 15 prefectures and having 60,000 soldiers. • Tian Chengsi, with his Weibo Circuit containing seven prefectures and having 50,000 soldiers. • Li Baochen, with his Chengde Circuit containing seven prefectures and having 50,000 soldiers. • Liang Chongyi, with his Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei) containing six prefectures and having 25,000 soldiers. In 779, Tian died, and Emperor Daizong permitted Tian's nephew Tian Yue to succeed him. Meanwhile, Li Zhongchen was expelled from his Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) by his officer Li Xilie. Emperor Daizong, believing Li Zhongchen to have been faithful to him, kept him at Chang'an as a chancellor, while making Li Xilie acting military governor. In summer 779, Emperor Daizong grew ill and soon died. Li Kuo succeeded him as emperor (as Emperor Dezong). ==Chancellors during reign==
Chancellors during reign
Miao Jinqing (762–763) • Pei Zunqing (762–763) • Yuan Zai (762–777) • Li Fuguo (762) • Liu Yan (763–764) • Li Kuo (763–764) • Li Xian (763–764) • Wang Jin (764–777) • Du Hongjian (764–769) • Pei Mian (769) • Yang Wan (777) • Chang Gun (777–779) • Li Zhongchen (779) ==Family==
Family
• Noble Consort, of the Cui clan of Boling (; d. 757) • Li Miao, Crown Prince Zhaojing (; 746–773), second son • Li Su, Prince Shu (; d. 783), 12th son • Princess Qizhaoyi (; d. 810), 4th daughter • Married Guo Ai of Huayin, Duke Dai (; 752–800), the sixth son of Guo Ziyi, in 765, and had issue (three sons, two daughters including Empress Yi'an) • Empress Zhenyi, of the Dugu clan of Jingzhao (; d. 775) • Li Jiong, Prince Han (; 750–796), 7th son • Princess Huayang (; d. 774), 5th daughter • Empress Ruizhen, of the Shen clan of Wuxing () • Li Kuo, Dezong (; 742–805), first son • Consort Dowager, of the Unknown clan (太妃) • Li Tong, Prince Gong (恭王 李通), 18th son • Consort Dowager, of the Unknown clan (太妃; d.795) • Li Yu, Prince Duan (端王 李遇; d. 791), 16th son • Consort, of the Yuwen clan (妃宇文氏) • Consort, of the Yuwen clan (妃宇文氏) • Imperial Concubine of the First Rank of the Zhang clan (昭儀 张氏), personal name Honghong (红红) • Unknown • Li Xia, Prince Jun (), third son • Li Shu, Prince Mu (; d. 791), fourth son • Li Yu, Prince Dan (; d. 820), fifth son • Li Lian, Prince En (; d. 817), sixth son • Li Gou, Prince Jian (; d. 809), eighth son • Li Nai, Prince Yi (), ninth son • Li Xun, Prince Sui (; d. 784), tenth son • Li Xuan, Prince Jing (), 11th son • Li Zao, Prince Xin (; d. 811), 13th son • Li Xian, Prince Shao (; d. 796), 14th son • Li Yun, Prince Jia (; d. 838), 15th son • Li Yu, Prince Xun (), 17th son • Li Kui, Prince Yuan (; d. 832), 19th son • Li Yi, Prince Ya (; d. 790), 20th son • Princess Lingxian (), 1st daughter • Princess Zhending (), 2nd daughter • Princess Yongqing (), 3rd daughter • Married Pei Fang of Hedong () • Princess Yuqing (), 7th daughter • Princess Jiafeng (), 8th daughter • Married Gao Yi () in 772 • Princess Changlin (), 9th daughter • Married Shen Ming of Wuxing () in 786, and had issue (one daughter) • Princess Taihe (), 10th daughter • Princess Zhaozhuangyi (), 11th daughter • Married Tian Xu, Prince Changshan (; 764–796), the sixth son of Tian Chengsi, in 785 • Princess Yuxu (), 6th daughter • Princess Puning (), 12th daughter • Married Wu Shiguang () in 772 • Princess Jinyang (), 13th daughter • Married Pei Ye of Hedong () • Princess Yiqing (), 14th daughter • Married Liu Gao of Hedong () • Princess Shouchang (), 15th daughter • Married Dou Keliang of Henan () • Princess Xindu (), personal name Chang (), 16th daughter • Married Tian Hua (), the third son of Tian Chengsi, in 796 • Princess Xiping (; d. 784), 17th daughter • Princess Zhangning (), 18th daughter • Princess Le'an (), 20th daughter • Married Zhang Hu () • Princess Yongle (), 19th daughter • Married Tian Hua (), the third son of Tian Chengsi, in 781 == See also ==
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