Epinephelus

The fishes in the genus Epinephelus have elongated, subcylindrical bodies, which may be oblong or deep and compressed in shape. The depth of the body varies between 2.3 and 3.7 times the standard length and the head is usually around the same length as the body is deep. The preopercle can be rounded or angular and has a serrated rear edge with the serrations at the angle being enlarged to a lesser or greater extent. In a small number of species, serrations are small, and on the lower edge, they are covered by skin. Caniform teeth are found at the front of jaws, although these can be rather small in a few species. They do not have any obviously enlarged caniform teeth in the middle of the lower jaw. Teeth are on the roof of the mouth. In adults, the maxilla does not have a noticeable bony protrusion on the lower rear angle, although it can have a deep step or hook-like process, which is hidden by the upper lips, on the rear part of its lower edge. The dorsal fin normally contains 9 spines, although some species have 10, as well as 12 to 19 rays. The origin of the dorsal fin sits above the opercle and the soft rayed part is shorter than the spiny part. The anal fin contains three distinct spines and 7 to 10 soft rays. The pectoral fin is rounded, with its middle rays being longer than the others. The caudal fin may be rounded, truncated, or concave, contains eight branched rays and 8 to 10 fin rays, which are slender, unbranched, and unsegmented (referred to as "procurrent") fin rays at the leading edges of the caudal fin on the upper lobe and seven branched rays and 7 to 10 procurrent rays in the lower lobe. The body is covered in ctenoid or smooth scales. ==Habitat and biology==

Epinephelus groupers are occur mainly on coral or rocky reefs, although a small number of species have been recorded over substrates consisting of sand, silt, or mud. A few species are found in deep water, down to at least , but the majority occur between . The two largest members of the genus, E. itajara and E. lanceolatus,may attain a length in excess of and a weight greater than , and frequently have been recorded in estuaries and harbours. Most of the species in the genus Epinephelus are predatory fish that feed on larger invertebrates, mostly crustaceans, and other fishes taken on or close to the substrate. E. undulosus is an unusual grouper species distinguished by having many, long gill rakers, and this species has been reported to feed on pelagic tunicates, at least on occasion. Only a few species have had their reproductive biology studied, and many species appear to be protogynous hermaphrodites. In some species, though, males in the populations are smaller than some of the females, suggesting a more complex biology, which suggests that some females do not change sex, and that some males may not have a undergone a functional female stage. ==Distribution==

Epinephelus species are found around the world in tropical and subtropical seas and oceans. The greatest diversity occurs in the Indo-West Pacific, while eight species are found in the eastern Pacific, 11 in the western Atlantic Ocean, and 9 species in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. ==Utilisation==

Epinephelus groupers are among the most valuable species exploited by commercial fishes in the world's tropical seas, and they fetch some of the highest prices when marketed. They have also been used in aquaculture. ==Species==

The 89 recognized species in this genus are: In addition, the fossil species †Epinephelus progigas Arambourg, 1928 is known from the latest Miocene (Messinian) of Algeria. Some of these species are placed in the genus Hyporthodus by some authorities, for example Epinephelus darwinensis is treated as Hyporthodus darwinensis by the Catalog of Fishes. ==References==