Epipactis helleborine

Epipactis helleborine can grow to a maximum height of or more under good conditions, and has broad dull green leaves which are strongly ribbed and flat. The flowers are arranged in long drooping racemes with dull green sepals and shorter upper petals. The lower labellum is pale red and is much shorter than the upper petals. Achlorophyllous, white Epipactis helleborine plants have been found. Achlorophyllous forms tend to be shorter, as small as 17 cm. ==Taxonomy==

Epipactis helleborine was given the scientific name Serapias helleborine by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The botanist Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz moved the species to Epipactis in 1769 giving the species its accepted name. It is classified as a member of the family Orchidaceae. Subspecies Over 100 names have been proposed for subspecies, varieties and forms of Epipactis helleborine. • Epipactis helleborine subsp. helleborine – widespread • Epipactis helleborine subsp. neerlandica (Verm.) Buttler – Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Germany • Epipactis helleborine var. tangutica (Schltr.) S.C.Chen & G.H.Zhu – China • Epipactis helleborine subsp. tremolsii (Pau) E.Klein – France, Spain, Portugal, Sardinia, Italy, Algeria, Morocco It has synonyms of the species or one of its lower taxa. ==Distribution==

This species is widespread across much of Europe and Asia, from Portugal to China, as well as northern Africa. In the United Kingdom, the species is widespread and common in England and Wales, but is absent from most of Scotland scattered across Ireland. In North America, it is an introduced species and widely naturalized mostly in the Northeastern United States, eastern Canada and the Great Lakes Region, but also in scattered locations in other parts of the continent. Wisconsin, and the San Francisco Bay Area. Epipactis helleborine range map.jpg|Distribution in North America ==Habitat==

Found in woods and hedge-banks and often not far from paths near human activity. It is one of the most likely European orchids to be found within a city, with many sites for example in Glasgow, London and Moscow. Sometimes spotted beside car parks. These roadside orchids exhibit special features such as large plant size and greater ability to produce flowers. Pollination plays a huge role as pollinators such as Syrphidae, Culicidae, Apidae etc. possess greater species diversity and visits the flowering sites more in anthropogenic habitats as compared to native ones. The visitation rates along with the reproductive success of these orchids are higher in large populations as they are more attractive to pollinators. ==Ecology==

depositing an egg on an Epipactis helleborine leaf as a predatory response to aphids which are farmed by ants. This species of orchid is pollinated by several species of Hymenoptera, particularly the common wasp, but also other species in the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula. Flowers release a sweet nectar to attract the wasps, which has an intoxicating effect on them. Eight populations of Epipactis helleborine in central Europe (Lower Silesia, Poland) had their nectar studied and they were found to contain naturally occurring oxycodone (as well as another narcotic-like opioid) in minute amounts. Epipactis helleborine requires a mycorrhizal symbiosis to germinate successfully and remains partially dependent upon the fungus when plants mature, however it is not particularly selective among fungal species. Fungi associated with the live roots include Tuber, Helotiales, Peziza, Leptodontidium, Hydnotrya and Wilcoxina. It has been suggested that the presence of this orchid species in a woodland is an indicator that edible truffles can be found there, but this is not always the case. ==Chemistry==

Trace amounts of narcotic compounds have been identified in the plants nectar, namely 3-{2-{3-{3-(benzyloxy)propyl}-3-indol-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-3,6-D-morphinan and oxycodone. == References ==