in the gardens of the
Achilleion (Corfu). The islands were settled by Greeks at an early date, possibly as early as 1200 BC, and certainly by the 9th century BC. The early
Eretrian settlement at Kerkyra was displaced by colonists from
Corinth in 734 BC. The islands were mostly a backwater during Ancient Greek times and played little part in Greek politics. The one exception was the conflict between Kerkyra and its mother-city Corinth in 434 BC, which brought intervention from
Athens and triggered the
Peloponnesian War. Ithaca was the name of the island home of
Odysseus in the epic
Ancient Greek poem the
Odyssey by
Homer. Attempts have been made to identify Ithaki with ancient Ithaca, but the geography of the real island cannot be made to fit Homer's description. Archeological investigations have revealed findings in both Kefalonia and Ithaca.
Roman and Byzantine rule By the 4th century BC, most of the islands were absorbed into the empire of
Macedon. Some remained under the control of the Macedonian Kingdom until 146 BC, when the Greek peninsula was gradually annexed by
Rome. After 400 years of peaceful rule, the islands continued under the control of the
Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire after the fall of the
Western Roman Empire. Under Byzantine rule, from the mid-8th century, they formed the
theme of
Cephallenia. The islands were a frequent target of
Saracen raids and from the late 11th century, saw a number of
Norman and Italian attacks. Most of the islands fell to
William II of Sicily in 1185. Corfu and Lefkas remained under Byzantine control. Kefallonia and Zakynthos became the
County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos until 1357, when this entity was merged with Lefkada and Ithaki to become the Duchy of Leucadia under French and Italian dukes. Corfu, Paxi and Kythera were taken by the Venetians in 1204, after the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the
Fourth Crusade. These became important
overseas colonies of the Republic and were used as way-stations for their maritime trade with the
Levant.
Venetian rule , symbol of the
Venetian Republic, at the
New Fortress of Corfu, the longest-held of Venice's
overseas possessions. From 1204, the
Republic of Venice controlled Corfu and slowly all the Ionian islands fell under Venetian rule. In the 15th century, the
Ottomans conquered most of Greece, but their attempts to conquer the islands were largely unsuccessful. Zakynthos passed permanently to Venice in 1482, Kefalonia and Ithaki in 1483, Lefkada in 1502. Kythera had been in Venetian hands since 1238. The islands became the only part of the Greek-speaking world that did not come under Ottoman rule. During this time, large numbers of Greeks moved to the Ionian islands. Smaller numbers of Albanian, Aromanian and Slavic-speaking Christians also fled to the islands, though they quickly assimilated into the Greek majority.
Venetian was the official language of the islands during this period, and many Greeks adopted the Venetian language for social advancement. This was bolstered by the arrival of thousands of settlers from other parts of the Venetian Republic, forming the basis of the
Corfiot Italian community. The majority of the island, however, remained ethnically, linguistically and religiously Greek. Many Corfiot Italians later Hellenised, adopting the Greek language and religion, such as
Ioannis Kapodistrias. In the 18th century, a Greek national independence movement began to emerge, and the free status of the Ionian islands made them the natural base for exiled Greek intellectuals, freedom fighters and foreign sympathisers. The islands became more self-consciously Greek as the 19th century, the century of romantic nationalism, neared.
Napoleonic era (1800–1807), the first self-governed Greek state since the Middle Ages. It is used as an unofficial flag of the region today. from the
Island of Corfu, founder and first Governor (1828–1831) of the modern Greek state. In 1797, the French general
Napoléon Bonaparte conquered
Venice. By the
Treaty of Campo Formio of October 1797 the islanders found themselves
under French rule, which organised the islands as the
départements Mer-Égée,
Ithaque and
Corcyre. In 1798–1799 a Russian-Ottoman fleet under the command of the Russian
Admiral Ushakov evicted the French; the victors established the
Septinsular Republic of 1800–1807 under joint Russo-Ottoman protection—the first time Greeks had had even limited self-government since the
fall of Constantinople in 1453. In 1807 the
Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia ceded the Ionian Islands to the French again, and the
French Empire took possession.
British rule In 1809, the
British Royal Navy defeated the
French fleet in Zakynthos (October 2, 1809) captured Kefallonia, Kythera and Zakynthos, and took Lefkada in 1810. The French held out in Corfu until 1814. The
Treaty of Paris in 1815 turned the islands into the "
United States of the Ionian Islands" under British protection (November 5, 1815). In January 1817, the British granted the islands a new constitution. The islanders elected an Assembly of 40 members, who advised the British High Commissioner. The British greatly improved the islands' communications, and introduced modern education and justice systems. The islanders welcomed most of these reforms, and took up afternoon tea,
cricket and other English pastimes. The British also brought thousands of Maltese to the Ionian Islands to work as builders and artisans, forming the basis of the
Corfiot Maltese community. Once
Greek independence was established after 1830, however, the islanders began to press for
Enosis – union with Greece. The British statesman
William Ewart Gladstone toured the islands and recommended that having already
Malta, giving the islands to Greece would not hurt the interest of the
British Empire. The
British government resisted, since like the Venetians they found the islands made useful naval bases. They also regarded the
Bavarian-born king of Greece,
King Otto, as unfriendly to Britain. However, in 1862, Otto was deposed in a coup by the
Great National Assembly and a new king,
George I from Denmark, was elected in his place.
Union with Greece In 1862, Britain decided to transfer the islands to Greece, as a gesture of support intended to bolster the new King's popularity (probably as a counterbalance to the newly established Italian state). On May 2, 1864, the British departed and the islands became three provinces of the Kingdom of Greece, though Britain retained the use of the port of Corfu. On 21 May 1864 the Ionian Islands officially reunited with Greece. Prince Philippos of Greece and Denmark was born in
Corfu in 1921 and grew up to become Britain's
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. In 1923, following orders by Mussolini, the Italians temporarily
occupied Corfu.
World War II In 1941, when
Axis forces occupied Greece, the Ionian Islands (except Kythera) were handed over to the Italians. Long a target of
Italian expansionism, the Greek civil authorities were replaced by Italians in preparation for a post-war annexation. In 1943, the Germans replaced the Italians, and deported the centuries-old
Jewish community of Corfu to their deaths. By 1944, most of the islands were under the control of the
EAM/
ELAS resistance movement, and they have remained in general a stronghold of left-wing sentiment ever since.
1953 earthquake The 1953 Ionian islands earthquake occurred with a surface wave magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (
Extreme) on August 12, 1953. Building damage was extensive and the southern islands of Kefalonia and Zakynthos were practically levelled. The islands were reconstructed from the ground up over the following years under a strict building code. The code has proven extremely effective, as many earthquakes since that time have caused no damage to new buildings.
Today . . Today, all the islands are part of the Greek
region of the
Ionian Islands (
Ionioi Nisoi), except Kythera, which is part of the region of
Attica. Kerkyra has a population of 103,300 (including Paxoi), Zakynthos 40,650, Kefallonia 39,579 (including Ithaca), Lefkada 22,536, Ithaki 3,052, Kythera 3,000 and Paxi 2,438. In recent decades, the islands have lost much of their population through emigration and the decline of their traditional industries, fishing and marginal agriculture. Today, their major industry is tourism. Specifically Kerkyra, with its harbour, scenery and wealth of ruins and castles, is a favourite stopping place for cruise liners. British tourists in particular are attracted through having read
Gerald Durrell's evocative book
My Family and Other Animals (1956), which describes his childhood on Kerkyra in the 1930s. The novel and movie ''
Captain Corelli's Mandolin'' are set in Kefalonia, in which Captain Corelli is part of the Italian occupation force during the Second World War. ==Demographics==