Born in
Torquay, Devon, Brown was the son of a fisherman and prominent
Baptist and it was through following his father that he came to preach, gaining much experience as a public speaker. He soon came to the attention of the local
Liberals and became a prominent public speaker at political meetings. Brown served in the
First World War: in 1914 he joined the
Sportsman's Battalion and in 1916 was commissioned as an officer in the
Somerset Light Infantry. He was mentioned in dispatches and was awarded the
Military Cross and Italian Silver Star. After three unsuccessful attempts in other constituencies, he was elected as a
Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for
Rugby in the
1923 general election but lost his seat in the
1924 general election. In 1927 he returned to Parliament in a by-election at
Leith. During this time he became a devoted follower of
Sir John Simon as the latter became increasingly at odds with the leader of the Liberals,
David Lloyd George, and the party's support, from 1929, for the minority
Labour government of
Ramsay MacDonald. In 1931 he followed Simon in resigning the Liberal party whip and then subsequently in setting up the
Liberal Nationals.
In cabinet In the
National Government of
Ramsay MacDonald, Brown became
Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health in November 1931. The following year the official Liberal Cabinet ministers resigned from the government and Brown was promoted to become
Secretary for Mines. In 1935 when MacDonald was succeeded as prime minister by
Stanley Baldwin, Brown entered the Cabinet as
Minister of Labour. This proved controversial as many believed that the
Minister of Transport Leslie Hore-Belisha, had a stronger claim to be the next Liberal National to enter the Cabinet, though as unemployment was one of the government's biggest problems, many others felt that Brown's appointment to the job was not one to envy. He held the post for the next five years under both Baldwin and his successor,
Neville Chamberlain. One of his most prominent achievements was the
Unemployment Insurance (Agriculture) Act, 1936 which extended social security to nearly all workers in agriculture, forestry and horticulture. In another sphere he oversaw the formation of the
National Joint Advisory Committee which assisted in wage control, compulsory arbitration, and direction of labour. He also helped workers in distributing to organise and took great pride when in 1937 the
Trades Union Congress passed a unanimous resolution thanking him for this. In 1939 his department was expanded to incorporate overseeing
National Service.
Party leadership When Chamberlain fell in 1940 he was succeeded by
Winston Churchill who moved Brown to the position of
Secretary of State for Scotland, an unusual move as Brown, despite sitting for a Scottish constituency, was English by birth. At the same time Brown became the leader of the Liberal Nationals after Sir John Simon was transferred to the
House of Lords. Brown served as Secretary of State for Scotland for a year before becoming
Minister of Health for two years and finally
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Brown's tenure as leader of the Liberal Nationals was one of decline, as the party saw its influence diminish. Many in the party had regretted the division of Liberal forces a decade earlier and Brown undertook negotiations with the Liberal Party leader
Sir Archibald Sinclair over a potential reunion, but these talks foundered on the question of continued support for the National Government after the war. The change in the leadership of the
Conservatives was also unfavourable and when, in 1945, Churchill formed his "Caretaker" government he did not include Brown or any other senior Liberal Nationals except
Lord Rosebery in the Cabinet, despite claiming to head a "
National" administration. Brown was instead appointed
Minister of Aircraft Production. In the
1945 general election Brown lost his seat.
Retirement and legacy After the war Brown devoted his attention to the church, often visiting other parts of the Commonwealth. Brown had a reputation for being a fast speaker and many contemporary political commentators estimated that he could deliver a statement to the
House of Commons faster than any other minister. The size of his voice was also noted. Baldwin once saw Brown in a phonebox at the
House of Commons and is said to have remarked, "I didn't think he needed a phone to communicate with his constituents." Another more famous story reflecting on Brown's strong voice, is told of when Stanley Baldwin was living at
11 Downing Street he was startled by a great shouting in the building. When informed that it was Ernest Brown talking to Scotland, Baldwin said "Why doesn't he use the telephone?" ==References==