In 1889, Hans Steffen, who had obtained his doctorate in 1886, was invited by
José Manuel Balmaceda to
Santiago, where he became a teacher of history and geography at the
Instituto Pedagógico de Chile of the
University of Chile (together with the Germans Alfred Beutell, Friedrich Hanssen,
Friedrich Johow, Rudolf Lenz, Reinhold von Lilienthal, and Jürgen Heinrich Schneider). He was later contracted to join the Chilean boundary commission to explore areas disputed by
Argentina in what is now the
Aysén Region of Chile. The areas to be explored were those affected by article 1 of the
Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina: :
"The boundary between Chile and the Argentine Republic is from north to south, as far as the 52nd parallel of latitude, the Cordillera de los Andes. The boundary-line shall run in that extent over the highest summits of the said Cordilleras which divide the waters, and shall pass between the sources (of streams) flowing down to either side. …" This article led to dispute between whether the
continental divide would serve as a boundary favouring Chile or the highest peaks favouring Argentina. The two interpretations coincided for most of the boundary but in the Aysén Region there were great differences. Before the explorations of Steffen, Chile had made only limited hydrographic surveys along the intricate Pacific coast of Aysén. The inland areas in dispute had been mainly explored by Argentines, notably
Francisco Perito Moreno. Between 1893 and 1894 he explored with the
Chilean Navy the basins of the
Palena and
Puelo Rivers. He explored the
Manso,
Aisén and
Cisnes Rivers from 1896 to 1898. He then moved on to explore the channels south of
Taitao Peninsula (
46°S) mapping and describing the
Gulf of Penas, and then exploring and naming
Baker,
Bravo and
Pascua Rivers. He also crossed the
Isthmus of Ofqui. Following the Pascua River, Steffen and his companions were the first to arrive at
O'Higgins Lake from the Pacific as well the first to explore its western arms. ==See also==