Examples from Iceland . Skaftá cauldrons as slight identations to the east of
Hamarinn.
Skaftárkatlar (Skaftá cauldrons) These are two depressions in the ice cover above two subglacial lakes in the south-western part of
Vatnajökull. In the whole, many cauldrons are to be found within Vatnajökull glacier ( in 2015), the largest of which in the western part of the ice cap are the Skaftá cauldrons. These ice cauldrons "
are created by melting at subglacial geothermal areas". The meltwater accumulates in lakes "under the cauldrons until it drains every 2–3 years in a jökulhlaup" of normally up to .
Katla Famous examples from
Iceland are the ice cauldrons within the
Katla caldera. Katla is an important
caldera and
central volcano situated under the
Mýrdalsjökull glacier cap in the southern part of Iceland's
East Volcanic Zone. 150–200 eruptions during
Holocene have been attributed to Katla, and 17 of these happened since
Settlement of Iceland in the 8th century. Most of the eruptions had their origin in the ice covered caldera. The last large eruption took place in 1918 and was associated with a jökulhlaup with an estimated peak discharge of about . Others have also documented the change with time of ice cauldrons at Katla.
Ice cauldrons in other environments ,
Alaska Ice cauldrons of course do not form only in Iceland, but also at many other places where there is subglacial volcanic activity, e.g. in Alaska (
Mount Redoubt,
Mount Spurr). == Ice cauldrons and volcano monitoring ==