Climate of Buenos Aires

years, precipitation in Buenos Aires is higher, particularly during the summer months. Buenos Aires is located in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification: Cfa). Due to the maritime influences from the adjoining Atlantic Ocean, its climate is temperate with extreme temperatures (both hot and cold) being rare. Thus, cold air coming directly from the south are moderated by the Atlantic Ocean and warmer than winds from the southwest (which are not moderated by it). The climate of Buenos Aires is dominated by the semi–permanent South Atlantic High throughout the year. This high pressure system brings cold and dry, polar continental air masses to Buenos Aires. The city is located in an area in which the Pampero and the Sudestada winds pass by. Being located in the Pampas, the weather is variable due to the contrasting air masses and frontal storms. The Pampero wind brings in cold, dry air from the south while warm humid tropical air produces sultry nortes (a gentle wind usually from the northeast formed by trade winds and the South Atlantic High that brings cloudy, hot, and humid weather and is responsible for bringing heat waves). Often, the passage of the Pampero winds occurs as a cold front passes through, leading to strong gusts from the south or southeast, a decrease in humidity and temperature, and an increase in the atmospheric pressure. These are common during the winter months. Its geomorphology along with inadequate drainage network and infrastructure, a flat landscape, and low elevations (much of Buenos Aires lies between above sea level) makes Buenos Aires highly vulnerable to flooding, particularly during heavy rainfall. On average, Buenos Aires is warmer than the surrounding areas by owing to the urban heat island. This varies by season; its influence during the day is the stronger in July than in January. In contrast, the urban heat island effect during nights is more intense in January than in July. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a major factor in the variation of annual precipitation within Buenos Aires and the Pampas, particularly during spring and summer. During an El Niño year, precipitation is higher, with a significant increase in precipitation from November to January. In contrast, La Niña years are associated with lower precipitation; precipitation is below average during October–December. ==Seasonal weather==

Spring , Buenos Aires during Spring|Jacarandas in bloom at Plaza Miserere, Buenos Aires Springs in Buenos Aires are typically mild during the day with cool to cold nights. The average high is while the average low is . Cold polar air from the south can bring cooler temperatures. An extreme example of this was in November 2007, when cold polar air from the south brought temperatures down to on the morning of 15 November. The same polar air affected many parts of the country, bringing cold temperatures and snow in coastal parts of Patagonia. Summer . Thunderstorms are common during the summer. Summers are hot and humid. With a mean precipitation of , it is the rainiest season. The Chaco Low also interacts with the South Atlantic high to bring warm and tropical air from the north which is the strongest in summer when the Chaco Low is at its strongest due to higher insolation. In extreme cases, these power shortages during heat waves can cause traffic jams and protests, such as the ongoing 12-day March 2023 heat wave, the longest heat wave ever recorded in Buenos Aires However, most heat waves are less than a week long, Occasionally, a tornado can form, which can strike the city; most tornadoes are relatively weak and rarely cause deaths. The greatest risk for tornadoes occurs in summer due to favourable conditions. Autumn At the beginning of autumn, temperatures are warm to hot in the afternoon while nights and mornings are mild. Winters are mild with mild temperatures during the day and cold nights. Warm, humid air penetrates the city, higher solar radiation and frequent synoptic weather disturbances from the west occur during the end of the winter. This is popularly known as the Santa Rosa Storm, around 30 August. Based on 111 years of weather observations (1906–2016) from the central observatory, 61 years (55% of the time) have seen stormy weather occurring on days close to 30 August, although not all of these have led to heavy precipitation. ==Extremes==

Temperature According to the central observatory, which has one of the most reliable and oldest records in South America, The warmest year on record is 2023, with a mean annual temperature of . On the other hand, 1911 was the coldest year, with a mean annual temperature of . Precipitation The year with the maximum precipitation was 1900, when the city received of precipitation. On the other hand, 1916 has been the driest year, with a mean annual precipitation of . The highest precipitation for a single day was recorded on 27 February 1930, when of precipitation fell. ==Statistics==

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