Esker

in Alaska are built on eskers. The term esker is derived from the Irish word (), which means "ridge or elevation, especially one separating two plains or depressed surfaces". The Irish word was and is used particularly to describe long sinuous ridges, which are now known to be deposits of fluvio-glacial material. The best-known example of such an eiscir is the Eiscir Riada, which runs nearly the whole width of Ireland from Dublin to Galway, a distance of , and is still closely followed by the main Dublin–Galway road The synonym os comes from the Swedish word , "ridge". ==Geology==

Most eskers are argued to have formed within ice-walled tunnels by streams that flowed within and under glaciers. They tended to form around the time of the glacial maximum, when the glacier was slow and sluggish. After the retaining ice walls melted away, stream deposits remained as long winding ridges. Eskers may also form above glaciers by accumulation of sediment in supraglacial channels, in crevasses, in linear zones between stagnant blocks, or in narrow embayments at glacier margins. Eskers form near the terminal zone of glaciers, where the ice is not moving as fast and is relatively thin. National Natural Landmark, Washington, US. (Trees at the edge of the esker and the single lane road crossing the esker to the right of the photo provide scale.) Plastic flow and melting of the basal ice determines the size and shape of the subglacial tunnel. This in turn determines the shape, composition and structure of an esker. Eskers may exist as a single channel, or may be part of a branching system with tributary eskers. They are not often found as continuous ridges, but have gaps that separate the winding segments. The ridge crests of eskers are not usually level for very long, and are generally knobby. Eskers may be broad-crested or sharp-crested with steep sides. The concentration of rock debris in the ice and the rate at which sediment is delivered to the tunnel by melting and from upstream transport determines the amount of sediment in an esker. The sediment generally consists of coarse-grained, water-laid sand and gravel, although gravelly loam may be found where the rock debris is rich in clay. This sediment is stratified and sorted, and usually consists of pebble/cobble-sized material with occasional boulders. Bedding may be irregular but is almost always present, and cross-bedding is common. These dunes are often found in the leeward side of eskers, if the esker is not oriented parallel to prevailing winds. Lakes may form within depressions in eskers. These lakes can lack surface outflows and inflows and have drastic fluctuations over time. ==Life on eskers==

Eskers are critical to the ecology of Northern Canada. Several plants that grow on eskers, including bear root and cranberries, are important food for bears and migrating waterfowl; animals from grizzly bears to tundra wolves to ground squirrels can burrow into the eskers to survive the long winters. ==Examples of eskers==

Europe In Sweden, Uppsalaåsen stretches for and passes through Uppsala city. The Badelundaåsen esker runs for over from Nyköping to lake Siljan. Pispala's Pyynikki Esker in Tampere, Finland, is on an esker between two lakes carved by glaciers. A similar site is Punkaharju in Finnish Lakeland. The village of Kemnay in Aberdeenshire, Scotland has a esker locally called the Kemb Hills. In Berwickshire in southeast Scotland is Bedshiel Kaims, a example which is up to high and is a legacy of an ice-stream within the Tweed Valley. North America Great Esker Park runs along the Back River in Weymouth, Massachusetts, and is home to the highest esker in North America (). There are over 1,000 eskers in the state of Michigan, primarily in the south-central Lower Peninsula. The longest esker in Michigan is the Mason Esker, which stretches south-southeast from DeWitt through Lansing and Holt, before ending near Mason. Esker systems in the U.S. state of Maine can be traced for up to . Thelon Esker is almost long, straddling the boundary between the territories of Nunavut and Northwest Territories in Canada. Uvayuq or Mount Pelly, in Ovayok Territorial Park, the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut is an esker. Roads are sometimes built along eskers to save expense. Examples include the Denali Highway in Alaska, the Trans-Taiga Road in Quebec, and the "Airline" segment of Maine State Route 9 between Bangor and Calais. There are numerous long eskers in the Adirondack State Park in upstate New York. The Rainbow Lake esker bisects the eponymous lake and extends discontinuously for 85 miles (c. 137 km). Another long discontinuous esker extends from Mountain Pond through Keese Mill, passing between Upper St. Regis Lake and the Spectacle Ponds, and continuing to Ochre, Fish, and Lydia Ponds in the St. Regis Canoe Area. A 150-foot-high esker bisects the Five Ponds Wilderness Area. ==See also==