Extended memory

On x86-based PCs, extended memory is only available with an Intel 80286 processor or higher, such as the IBM PC AT. Only these chips can directly address more than 1 megabyte of RAM. The earlier 8086/8088 processors can make use of more than 1 MB of RAM if one employs special hardware to make selectable parts of it appear at addresses below 1 MB. On a 286 or better PC equipped with more than 640 kB of RAM, the additional memory would generally be re-mapped above the 1 MB boundary, since the IBM PC architecture reserves addresses between 640 kB and 1 MB for system ROM and peripherals. Extended memory is not accessible in real mode (except for a small portion called the high memory area). Only applications executing in protected mode can use extended memory directly. A supervising protected-mode operating system such as Microsoft Windows manages application programs' access to memory. The processor makes this memory available through the Global Descriptor Table (GDT) and one or more Local Descriptor Tables (LDTs). The memory is "protected" in the sense that memory segments assigned a local descriptor cannot be accessed by another program because that program uses a different LDT, and memory segments assigned a global descriptor can have their access rights restricted, causing a processor exception (e.g., a general protection fault or GPF) on violation. This prevents programs running in protected mode from interfering with each other's memory. Extended memory went unused at first because no software ran in the 80286's protected mode. By contrast, the industry quickly adopted 1985's expanded memory standard, which works with all PCs regardless of processor. A protected-mode operating system such as Microsoft Windows can also run real-mode programs and provide expanded memory to them. The DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) is Microsoft's prescribed method for a DOS program to access extended memory under a multitasking environment. == Extended Memory Specification (XMS) ==

The Extended Memory Specification (XMS) is the specification describing the use of IBM PC extended memory in real mode for storing data (but not for running executable code in it). Memory is made available by extended memory manager (XMM) software such as HIMEM.SYS. The XMM functions are accessible by direct calls to a variable address that can be found through software interrupt 2Fh function 4310h. XMS version 2.0, released in July 1988, allowed for up to 64 MB of memory. With XMS version 3.0 this increased to 4 GB (232 bytes). The difference is a direct result of the sizes of the values used to report the amounts of total and unallocated (free) extended memory in 1 KB (1024-byte) units: XMS 2.0 uses 16-bit unsigned integers, capable of representing a maximum of (65535 * 1 KB) = 64 MB, while XMS 3.0 adds new alternate functions that use 32-bit unsigned integers, capable of representing (4 G * 1 KB) = 4 TB (4 terabytes) but limited by the specification to 4 GB. (4 GB is the address range of the 80386 and the 80486, the only 32-bit Intel x86 CPUs that existed when XMS 3.0 was published in 1991.) XMS 3.0 retains the original XMS 2.0 API functions with their original 64 MB limit but adds new "super extended memory" functions that support 4 GB of extended memory (minus the first 1 MB) and can be called only with a 32-bit CPU (since these "super" functions use 32-bit CPU registers to pass values). To differentiate between the possibly different amount of memory that might be available to applications, depending on which version of the specification they were developed to, the latter may be referred to as super extended memory (SXMS). The extended memory manager is also responsible for managing allocations in the high memory area (HMA) and the upper memory area (UMA; also referred to as upper memory blocks or UMBs). In practice the upper memory area will be provided by the expanded memory manager (EMM), after which DOS will try to allocate them all and manage them itself. ==See also==