Fadettes of Boston

During the 19th and 20th centuries, women faced discrimination in the musical industry. This led to the rise of all-women orchestras, originally known as lady orchestras, with one of the earliest known examples being the Vienna Ladies Orchestra in 1867. American musicologist Judith Tick notes that the popularity of lady orchestras stemmed from their exploitation of gender discrimination by playing instruments that were typically reserved for men. One of the more notable ensembles was the Fadette Ladies' Orchestra, established in 1888 by conductor Caroline B. Nichols and musician Ethel Atwood, making Nichols one of the first female orchestra conductors in the United States. Nichols was previously a violinist for the Marion Osgood Ladies Orchestra, which she left after deeming the orchestra's rules too restrictive. The group incorporated in 1895 as the Fadettes of Boston, named after Fanchon Fadette, the titular character of George Sand's novel La Petite Fadette. The name was chosen for the orchestra as, like the character herself, they strived to bring happiness to their audience. The number of members rose from 6 to 20 by 1898, the same year B.F. Keith booked the group into his theatres. The orchestra included violinists, violists, and drummers, and included musicians such as Annie Andros Hawley, Mildred Rogers, Nichols was in charge of the orchestra for 30 years, having musically and professionally trained over 600 women. , Boston, with a poster for the Fadettes, 1906 According to Nichols, the Fadettes gave over 6,000 concerts between 1890 and 1920, with half of them as headliners in first-class vaudeville theatres. At a concert in Pittsburgh in 1902, for instance, the Fadettes played marches, waltzes, songs and arias by Frederick Field Bullard, Daniel Auber, Karl Michael Ziehrer, and George M. Rosey, among others. The group also performed at the Los Angeles Orpheum, and at Keith's Theatre, members of the Fadettes replaced Boston Symphony Orchestra members during performances. Starting around 1918, their music accompanied films that played in Boston and New York theatres. This was due to Nichols's growing curiosity about musical accompaniment for silent films. From 1888 to 1920, the Fadettes donated over $500,000 to over 600 female musicians, but the Fadettes disbanded in 1927 following a sporadic concert schedule during the early 1920s. ==Performance style and legacy==

The Fadettes of Boston initially operated as a club of local women, but as it expanded it began more regularly touring and performing for paying audiences. The ensemble challenged gender norms, as the performers wore white shimmery gowns considered traditionally feminine, while they played a wide variety of instruments, which were considered unbefitting of women at the time. Women violinists in particular became more common, and the prevalence of women in the musical industry led to subsequent shifts in women's uniforms, going from white dresses similar to what the Fadettes wore to more formal black outfits, hinting at a more refined and professional ensemble. ==Gallery==

File:1909 Fadettes PittsburghPress January17.png|Newspaper spread about the Fadettes, Pittsburgh Press, 1909 File:1910 motto Fadette Orchestra of Boston brochure detail.png|Detail of promotional brochure, 1910 File:Morning Serenade, Berliner.png|Label of a Berliner Gramophone record; "Morning Serenade", played by the original quartet and recorded in Aug 10, 1897 ==Variant names==

• Boston Fadettes Ladies Brass Quartette • Boston Fadette Lady Orchestra • Boston Fadette Orchestra • Boston Fadettes • Fadette Ladies' Orchestra • Fadette Orchestra • Fadette Women's Orchestra • The Fadettes • The Fadettes Orchestra • Fadettes Women's Orchestra ==See also==